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CATALOGUE

'^i

OF

SHIELD REPTILES

IX

THE COLLECTION

OF

THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

PART I.

TESTUDINATA (TOETOISES).

BY

JOHK EDWARD GRAY, F.R.S. &c.

LONDON:

PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES.
1855.

L-&T3^

lKi/&^^S/

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

INTRODUCTION.

The chief object in preparing the present Catalogue has lieen to give at one xiev,- a
complete account of all the species of the Shielded Reptiles {Cataphracta) no^x' in the
British Museum, and of those species known to exist in other Cabinets, but which are at
present desiderata in the Museum, to enable travellers, collectors and others to assist in
completing the national collection.

An indication of the separate locality of each specimen is given ; its sex and state are
also noticed.

The figures of the new species contained in the Museum Collection have loeen drawn on
stone by Mr. Ford, so well known for the beauty and accuracy of his pencil.

JOHN EDWARD GRAY.

British Miisevm, December 1, ISoii.

4i

CATALOGUE

OF

SHIELD REPTILES,

Sect. II. SHIELDED REPTILES (CATA-
PHRACTA).

Body covered with square imbedded plates, generally
forming a dorsal and ventral shield. The bones of the
skull thick, united together into a hard mass, and including
the quadrate bones and pterygoid processes. The tongue
is short, affixed to the mouth, scarcely exsertible. The
lungs are enveloped by a thick peritoneum, which performs
the part and has the appearance of a diaphragm. The
vent is round or linear, plaited. The male organ and va-
gina are simple, the former having only a groove along its
upper edge. Oviparous : the egg covered with a hard
shell : the young, when hatched, having a large umbilical
slit, which soon disappears.

Reptilia Cataphracta (Shielded Reptiles), Grai/, Syn.

Rept. 2 (1831) ; Arm. Nat. Hist. i. 275 (1838) ; Cat.

Tort. B.M. (1844).
Reptilia Loricata et SqCamata (part.). Gray, Ann.

Phil. (182.5).

Order III. CHELONIA (TORTOISES).

The body enclosed in a case, formed of two shields
united by their margins, and leaving only the head, ueck,
limbs and tail free, which are covered with a scaly skin :
the upper shield or thorax formed of the ribs more or less
dilated on the sides, united together and adherent to the
dorsal vertebrae by a toothed suture, preventing any mo-

tion ; they are surrounded by a series of bones forming the
edge of the shields : the lower shield or sternum is formed
of four pair and a central anterior bone. The jaws are
toothless, covered with a horny bill, rarely hid by fleshy
lips : the upper bill covers the lower Uke a box. Eyes
with distinct eyelids. The drum of the ear visible, nearly
superficial. The legs short, thick. Tail conical. The
vent is a circular hole.

Chelonia (Chelonians), Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. i. 275

(1835) ; Cat. Tort. B.M.
Tortues on Cheloniens, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 1

(1835).
Testudinata, Oppel, Reptilien, 1811.

Bell, Zool. Jonrn. n. 513.

Bona}). Saggio Anim. Vert. 5. 12 (1832).

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843). ■
Chelonii, Latr. Rept.

Gray, Ann. Philos. (1825) ; Syn. Rept. 3 (1831).

Bonap. Saggio Anim. Vert. 5. 12 (1832).

Eichwald, Zool. Sj)ec. iii. 194.
Chelonea, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 268 (1822).
Sterrichrotes (Chelonii), Ritzen, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat.

Cur. xiv. 269 (1828).
Les Cheloniens (Chelonii), Brongn. Bull. Soc. Philom.
XXXV. (1808).

Cuv. R. A. ii. 6 ; ed. 2. ii. 5 ; Oss. Foss. v.

Latr. Rept.

Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. (1816).

Geof^. Ann. Mus. xiv. 5.

Wiegmann ^ Ruthe, Handb. Zool. 163.
Testudinata, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 2!) (1843).
Testudines (Hedraeoglossae), Wagler, Syst. 133 (1830).
FoRNiCATi, Haworth, Phil. Mag. (1823).
Chelonia, Gray, Cat. Rept. B.M. 3.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Oppel, in his Ordnungen, Familien u. Gattungen derRep-
tilien (1811), divides the Tortoises (Teshidinati) thus: —
I. Chelonii. 1. Chelonia. II. Amyd^. a. 2. Tri-
onyx. b. 3. Chelys. 4. Testudo. 5. Emys.

M. Cuvier, Regne Animal, u. 9 (1817), divides the Che-
LONiENS or Testudo, Limi., thus : —

1. Tortues de terre {Testudo). 2. * Les Tortues d'eau
douce {Emys). ** Les Tortues a boite. 3. Tortues de
mer {Chelonia). 4. Les Chelides ou Tortues a gueule
{Chelys). 5. Les Tortues moUes ( r^voiiyf) .

The same arrangement is foUovped in the Second Edition,
ii. 8, and he has added the generic names wliich have been
given by Fleming, Bell and others to his sections of Bron-
gniart's genera.

Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amphib. (1820), divides the Tes-

TUDINATA thus :

* Pedibus pinniformibus. 1 . Caretta. 2. Sphargis.
** Pedibus digitalibus. 3. Triomjx. 4. Testudo. * Ma-
tamata. ** Emys. *** Terrapene. **** Chersina.

Dr. John Fleming, in the Philosophy of Zoology (1822),
where he named many of the sections indicated by Cuvier
in his Animal Kingdom, arranges the Chelonea thus :—

* Cavity with a lid. A. Lips corneous. 1. Cistuda.
** Cavity without a lid. 2. Testudo. 3. Emys. 4.
Chelonura. 5. Chelonia. 6. Coriudo. B. Lips fleshy.
7. Chelys. 8. Trionix.

M. Latreille, in the Fam. Nat. du Regne Animal, 91
(1825), divides the Order Chelonii thus : —

Fam. I. Cryptopodes. l.Tortue. 2. Emyde. i. Ter-
rapene (Tortue a boite). II. Gymnopodes. * Carapace
ecailleuse et solide. 4. Saurochelyde (Tortue a longue
queue). 5. Chelonee. 6. Chelys. ** Carapace molle.
7. Trionyx.

Dr. Gray, in the Annals of Philosophy for 1825, pro-
posed the following arrangement : —

I. Feet and head retractile into the carapace. Carapace

solid, covered with horny scales. Cryptopodi.
Fam. I. TESTUDiNiDiE. 1. Testudo. II. Emydid^.
* Beak horny; sternum entire. Emydina. 1. Emys.
** Beak horny ; sternum transversely sutured. Terra-
phenina. 2. Terraphene. 3. Sternotherus. 4. Kinoster-
non. *** Beak fleshy. Chelidina. 5. Chelys.

II. Feet and head not or only partly retractile into the

carapace. Carapace mostly soft. Gymnopodi.
Fam. III. Trionicid.e. 1. Trionyx. IV. Sphar-
GID.E. 1. Sphargis. V. Cheloniad^. 1. Chelonia.

Mr. T. Bell, in his paper on the Characters of the Order,
Families and Genera of the Testudinata {Zool. Journ.
iii. 513, 1828), divides the Order thus :—

A. Digitata. Fam. I. Testudinid^. 1. Testudo
(greeca). 2. Pyxis (arachnoides) . 3. Kinixys (Homeana).
II. Emydid.s;. a.. Sterno mobili. 1. Terrapene {c\a.usa).
2. Sternotheerus (Leachianus). 3. Einosternon (longieau-
datum). b. Sterno solido. 4. Hydraspis (galeata). 5.
Emys (picta). 6. Chelonura (serpentina). 7. Chelys

' (fimbriata) . III. Trionychid.e. \. Trionyx {Coxoms.'a-
delicus).

B. Pinnata. IV. Sphargid*. 1. Sphargis (mercu-
rialis). V. Cheloniad^. 1. Chelonia {Mjdas).

Dr. F. A. Ritzen, in his Natur. Eith. Amph., Xoca Act.
Acad. Nat. Cur. xiv. (1828), proposes the following ar-
rangement : —

I. Sterrichrotes, Chelonii. A. Eretmochelones.
Halichelones. a. Mydce. 1. Sphargis. b. Carettce.

2. Chelone. II. Phyllopodochelones. B. Chersy-
drocheloues. * Amydcs. 1 . Chelonia. 2. Trionyx. 3.
Matamafa. 4. Emys. C. Podochelones. a. Cherso-
chelones. Dysmydte. 1. Clemmys. 2. Terrapene. 3.
Chersine.

Dr. John Wagler, in the Naturliches System der Amphi-
bien (1830), divides the Order Testudines (p. 133)
thus : —

I. Testudines oiacopodes. 1. Chelonia. 2. Der-
matochelys. 3. Asjjidonectes. 4. Trionyx. 5. Chelys.
G. Rhinemys. 7. Hydromedusa. 8. Podocnemis. 9. Plat-
emys. 10. Phrynops. 11. Pelomedusa. 12. Cher-
sina. 13. Clemys. 14. Staurotypus. 15. Pelusias.
16. Cinosternon. 17. Emys. II. Testudines tylo-
podes. 18. Cinixys. 19. Pyxis. 20. Cherseus. 21.
Testudo.

Dr. Gray, in the Synopsis Reptilium, Part i. (1831),
divides the Chelonii thus : —

Fam. I. Testudinid.5;. 1. Testudo. 2. Chersina.

3. Kinixys. 4. Pyxis. II. Emyd.e. 5. Cistuda. 6.
Emys. 7. Kinosternon. 8. Chelydra. III. Chelyd^.
9. Sternotherus. 10. Chelodina. 11. Hydraspis. 12.
Chelys. IV. Trionycid.«. 13. Trionyx. 14. Emyda.
V. Cheloniad.j;. 15. Sphargis. 16. Chelonia.

Wiegmann and Ruthe, Handbuch der Zoologie (1832),
cUvide the Order Chelonii thus into families : —

Fam. I. Chelon/E. 1 . Sphargis. 2. Chelonia. II.
Chersinje. 1. Testudo. III. Emyd^. 1. Emys. 2.
Chelydra. 3. Cinosternon. IV. Chelyd.«. 1. Chelys.
V. Chilot^. 1. Trionyx.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

M. Charles Bonaparte, in his Si/sfema Generale d'Erpe-
tologia, 80 (1832), divides the Testudinata thus : —

Order I. Chelonii. Fam. I. Testudinid^. 1. Tes-
tudinina. 2. Chelina. II. Trionicid^e. III. Chelo-
NilD^. 1. Sphiirgidina. 2. Chelonina.

Messrs. Dume'ril and Bibron {Brp. G6n. ii. 1835) divide
the Tortoises or Cheloniens thus: —

I. Les Chersites ou Toktues terrestres. 1.
Tortue. a. Cherseus. b. Tortues. c. Chersine. 2. Ho-
tnopode. 3. Pyxide. 4. Cinixys. II. Les Elodites
ou Tortues paludines. A. Cryptoderes. 5. Cistude.

a. Clausiles. b. Baillantes. C. Emi/de. a. Europeennes.

b. Americaines. e. Africaines. d. Indiennes. 7. Tetro-
nyx. 8. Plutystertie. 9. Eviysaure. 10. Staurotype.
\\. Cinosterne. B. Pleuroderes. \2. Peltocephale. 13.
Podocnemide. 14. Pentonyx. 15. Steniothere. 16. Plat-
emyde. 17. Cheludine. 18. Chehjde. III. Les Po-
TAMiTES ou Tortues fluviales. 19. Gymnopode.
20. Cryptopode. IV. Les Thalassites ou Tortues
MARINES. 21. Chelonee. a. C. franches. b. C. im-
briquees. c. C. caouanes. 22. Sphargis.

M.Charles L. Bonaparte, in his Tavola Analitica dei Che-
lonii (1836), divides the Chelonii into three famiUes :^

I. Testudinidi. a. Testudinini. b. Euiidini. c. Hy-
draspedini. d. Chelini. II. Trionicidi. a. Trioni-
chini. III. Chelonidi. a. Chelonini. b. Spargidini.

The following is the Specchio dei Geiieri e Sotfogeneri :
I. Testudinidi. 1. Testudinina. 1. Cherseus. 2.
Testudo {Testudo, Psammobates, Geochelone, Chelonoidis).
3. Chei-sina {Cylindraspis, Chersind). 4. Homopiis. 5.
Pyxis. 6. Kinixys (Ciiiofhorax, Cinixys). 2. Emydina.
7. Cistudo. 8. Emys {Emys, Cyclemis). 9. Terrapene
{Clemys, Rhinoclemys) . 10. Geomys. 11. Tetraonyx.
12. Platysternon. 13. Chelydra. 14. Staurotyptts. 15.
Kiiiosternmii {Sternotherus, Cinosternon). 3. Hydraspi-
dina. 16. Pelfocephalus. 17. Podocnemys. 18. Etny-
dura {Macquaria) . \9. Pelomedusa. 20. Pelusios. 21.
Hydraspis {Platemys, Rhinemys, Phrynops). 22. Chelo-
dina (Chelodina,Hydromedusd). 4. Chehna. 23. Chelys.

II. Trionycid^. 5. Trionicina. 24. Ainyda {Aspido-
nectes, Platypeltis, Pelodiscus, Amy da). 25. Trionyx.

III. Chelonid^s. G. Chelonina. 26. Chelonia {Che-
Ionia, Caretta). '27. Thalassochelys. 7. Sphargidina.
28. Sphargis.

Dr. J. E. Gray (Ami. Nat. Hist. 1838, i. 275) proposed a
new arrangement of Reptiles with short characters, thus : —

I. Squamata. 1. Saura. 2. Ophidia. II. Cata-
phracta. 3. Amphisbenee. 4. Chelonia. 5. Emydo-
saura ; —

and he points out the analogies between this order and
those of Mammalia and Birds.

Swainson, in Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopcedia (1839),
p. 343, arranges these animals thus : —

Order I. Emydosaures (Crocodiles). Ord. II. Che-
LONiDES (Tortoises) . Fain. I. Chelidrid^e (Crocodile
Tortoises). 1. Chelydra. 2. Platysternon. 3. Chelys.
II. TestudinidjE (Land Tortoises). 4. Testudo. 5.
Chersina. 6. Honopus. 7. Pyxis. 8. Kinixys. III.
Emyd.e (Rirer Tortoises). 9. Cistuda. 10. Emys.
11. Kinosfernon. * Sternotherus. 12. Chelodina. 13.
Hydraspis. IV. Trionycid.*. 14. Trionyx. lo. Emyda.
V. Chelonid.e. 16. Chelonia. 17. Sphargis.

Dr. Fitzinger (Systema Reptilium, p. 29, 1843) divides
the Testudinata thus : —

Order I. Tylopoda. Fam. I. Testudines. 1. Ci-
nixys. 2. Chersina. 3. Testudo. Order II. Stegano-
PODA. § 1. Rostrata. Fam. I. Emyd^. 1. Emys.
2. Clemmys. 3. Chelydra. 4. Staurotypus. 5. Cino-
sternon. Fam. II. Hydraspides. 1. Hydraspis. § 2.
Mandibulata. Fam. I. Chelyd^. 1. Chelys. §3. La-
biata. Fam. I. Trionyches. 1. Trionyx. 2. Aspido-
nectes. Order III. Oiacopoda. Fam. I. Chelonia.
1. Chelonia. 2. Thalassochelys. Fam. II. Dermato-
chelyd^. 1. Derma tochelys.

F. I. C Mayer (System des Thierreichs, 189, 1849 ;
Wiegmann's Arch. 1850, 67) arranges the Tylopoda or
Chelonians thus : —

1. Bsenodactyli (Testudo). 2. Eressodaetyli (Emys,
Trionyx). 3. Pterodactyli (Chelonia).

The upper shield or carapace is formed by the ribs (eight
pairs), enlarged and united together and to the annular part
of the dorsal vertebra by toothed sutures, so as to be im-
moveable ; the lower shield or plastron is formed of the
pieces which represent the chest bone (usually nine), and
a circle of bones analogous to the sternal cartilages of qua-
drupeds. The vertebrae of the neck and tail alone are
moveable. The two long envelopes are immediately covered
with skin or scales, and surround the muscles of the ex-
tremity. — Ann. Phil. 1825.

The bones of the sternum are in general united together
into a single plate, and are often affixed to the margin b}'
a toothed suture, but in the CistudcB they are united to
it by a cartilaginous band allowing of a slight motion ;
and sometimes, as in the Box Tortoise, the sternum is
divided into two or three parts by one or two cross
sutures, allowing the front or hinder lobe, or both, to
move on the middle or fixed part. In the genus Che-
lydra, and the families Trionyeidte and Cheloniadce, the
sternal bones form a ring, leaving a cartilaginous space in
the centre.

B 2

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Synopsis of the Families.

A. Digitate.

a. Back with horny scales.

1. TESTtTDrNID^. Feet club-shaped ; claws 5-4 or 4-4, blunt.

Caudal shields united into one, incurved. Neck retractile.

2. EMYDlD.a;. Feet palmated ; claws 5—4 or 4-4, acute. Caudal

shields separate. Neck retractile. Pelvis attached to the
vertebra; only. Sternal shields 11 or 12.

3. CHELYDID^. Feet palmated ; claws 5-4 or 5-5, acute.

Caudal shields separate. Neck contractile. Pelvis attached
to the vertebrae and sternum. Sternal shields 13.

b. Back with soft skin.

4. TRIONYCIDffi. Feet palmated ; claws 3-3, acute,
covered with a soft skin having a fle.xible margin.

Bones

5. CHELONIAD.S.

B. Pinnate.
Feet fin-shaped, compressed.

A. Digitata. Feet digitate.

Tortue de terre, Banhenton, Eno/. Meth. 689.

Amydse, Oppel, Rept. 4, 6, 9 (1811).

Laud and Freshwater Tortoises, Shaw, Zoo!, iii. 9.

Testudo digitata, Merreiii, Tent. 20.

Testudines stegauopodes et T. tylopodes, Wagler, Syst.

138 (1830).
Podochelones, Ritzen, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xiv. 270 (1828).

a. Leptonota. Back covered with hard horny scales.
Toes digitate, 4- or a-claioed.

Testudo, Merrem, Tent. 21.
Amydse /3, Oppel, Rept. (1811).

* Tylopoda. Feet clavate.

Testudines terrestres, Plin.

Testudo (Tortues de terre), Brongn., Cuvier.

Test. Tylopoda, Wagler.

Fam. I. TESTUDINIDiE (Land Tortoises).
Head ovate, shielded ; jaws naked ; uostril apical. Neck
retractile into the cavity of the shell. Feet short, club-
shaped, armed with blunt claws. Shell very solid, thick,
ovate, the ribs united together to the margin, in the adult
state covered with homy concentrically grooved shields,
marked with a permanent areola ; marginal plates 24 to 26,
the caudal pair always united together into one broad gene-
rally incurved plate. Sternum broad and solid, closed in
the centre of the adult, and firmly attached to the thorax
by a bony suture, covered by the end of the pectoral and
abdominal plates. Tail short and thick.

Testudinidae, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825) ; Syn.Rept.
8 (1831).

Testudinidse, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 419, 513 (1828).

Swainson, Lard. Cyclop. 344 (1839).
Testudinina, Bonap. Tav. Analit. 5 (1836).
Testudinoides, Fit:inger, Neue Class. (1826).
Test. Tvlopoda, Wagler, Syst. Amph. 138 (1830).

Fiiz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
Testudines, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
Chersine, Merrem, Tent. 29.
Chersinse, Wiegm. ^- Ruthe, Handb. Zool. 164.
Testudo (Tortues de terre), Brongn. Cuv. R.A. ii. 9 ; ed. 2.

ii. 9.
Chersites ou Tortues terrestres. Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen.

ii. 1 (1835) ; Cat. Mus. Par. 3.
Testudines terrestres, Plin.
Testudinidse Testudinina (part.), Bonap. Saggio Anim.

Fert. 12.
Chersochelones (Dysmydse), (part.), Ritzen, Nov. Act. Nat.

Cur. xiv. 270 (1828).

Synopsis of the Genera.

1. Testudo. Thorax and sternum solid: sternal plates 12; in-

guinal plate moderate. Toes 5—4.

2. Homopus. Thorax and sternum sohd ; sternal plates 12 ;

inguinal plates moderate. Toes 4-4.

3. Chersina. Thorax and sternum soUd : sternal plates 11.

Toes 5-4.

i. Kinlxys. Thorax, hinder ])art mobile ; sternal plates 12; in-
guinal plates very large. Toes 5-4.

5. Pyxis. Thorax solid. Sternum, fi-ont lobe moveable : sternal
plates 12.

1. TESTVDO, Linn.

Thorax convex, subglobose, solid. Sternum soUd, covered
with twelve sternal shields, the gular pair separate ; pectoral
shields narrow ; inguinal shields moderate. Head scaly,
with two frontal sliields above, and one vertical shield be-
tween the eyes. Claws 5-4, blunt.

Testudo (graeca), Gray, Ann. P^?7.x. 210(1825); Syn.Rept.
8 (1831) ; Cat. Rept. B. M. 4.

Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 270 (1822).

Bum. I- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 55 (1835); Cat. Meth.
Rept. 3.
Chersini, Merrem, Tent.
Chelonoides (Boiei), Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.
Geochelone (stellata), Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.
Psammobates (georaetrica), Fitz. Syst. Rej). 29.
T. (Testudo) grieca, Wagler, Syst. 138 (1830).

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.
Megalochelys (gigantea), Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.
Chersina (Cyliudraspis) Vosmaeri, Fitz. Syst. Rej)t. 29.
Cherseus (marginatus), Wagler, Syst. 138 (1830).

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.
Testudo a.. Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 57.
Testudo, sp., Linn.
Testudo, Bum. S,- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 30 ; Cat. Meth. R. 3.

Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 514.

Wagler, Syst. 138 (1830).

They are slow in their motions, eating vegetables and

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

roots ; living in woods or fields in warm and temperate
parts of the world. lu colder climates they burrow, and
sleep during the winter.

In the genus Testudo the sternum is quite solid, but in
some specimens of T. inauritiana, T. marginata, and Ho-
rmpns areolatus, the hinder lobe has been observed to be
moveable. On this account Dr. Wagler has separated the
former into a genus, under the name of Cherseus. But it
may be only a peculiarity of the females when they are about
to deposit their eggs, and will probably, when these animals
have been more obser\'ed, be found common to the females
of all the species.

A. The last vertebral shield almost always as ^vide as the
caudal and two hinder marginal plates. American.
Gophers.

Gophers, Gray, Cat. Rept. B. M. 4.

1. Testudo Gopher. The Gopher or Mongofa.
Shell oblong, depressed ; shields pale brown, grooved ;
nuchal shield broad ; sternum produced in front, deeply
nicked behind ; pectoral shields short ; head and cheeks
covered with scales ; tail very short.

Gopher, Barf ram' s Tracels, i. 55.

La Tortue gopher, Bosc, N. Diet. H. N. xi. 269,

?T. tessellata, Merrem, Tent. 31.

Testudo Gopher, Gray, Cat. Rept. B. M. 4.

T. Pol3'phemus, HoUbrook, Amer. Rept. i. t. 1 .

Say, Jonrn. A. N. S. Phil. iv. 204, 207.

Baud. Rept. i. 256.

Gray, Syn. 1 1 .

Bum. f Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 105 ; Cat. Meth. 5.

Schweigger, Arch. Kcenigsb. i. 317.

Bonap. Tesfud. Europ. et Amer. 152.
T. depressa, Lesueur, Cuv. R. A. ii. 10.

Guerin, Icon. t. 1. f. I.
T. Carolina, Litin. Syst. Nat.

Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. H. iii. 97.
T. tabulata, Schoepff. 56. t. 13?
T. tabulata, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 70.
1 T. Schweiggeri, Gray, Syn. 10. var., in Griffith, A. K. iv. 7.

Bum. Sr Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 108 ; Cat. M. R. 5.

Hab. North America ; ,pine forests of Georgia and
Florida.

Specimens in British Museum : —

a. Adult, brown ; 8|- inches. N. America. Presented by

Richard Harlan, M.D.

b. Adult, brown ; 10| Laches. N.America. Presented by

Edward Doubleday, Esq.

c. Adult, blackish. N. America ; Mexico. Mr. Warwick's

Collection.

d. Adult, blackish. North America. M. Parzudaki's Col-

lection.

2. Testudo tabulata. The Brazilian Tortoise.
Shell subquadrate, oblong, depressed, sides contracted
when adult ; shields black, grooved, areola small, nuchal
plate none ; animal red or yellow, spotted.

Testudo tabulata. Wall. Chelon. 70. t. 22.

Baud. Rept. i. 242.

Gray, Syn. 10 ; Cat. Rept. B.M. 5.

Bell, Test. t. 1, 2.

TJ^agler, Syn. t. 6. f. 9, t. . f. 1-8. f. 45, 48 ; Cat.
Mi-th. R. 5 ; Neuw. Abbild. t.

Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 89.
T. Hercules, Spix, Bra::, t. 14.

Gray, Syn. 9.
T. Boiei, Wagler, Amphib. t. 6. f. 7, 8 ; Icones Amphib.

t. 13.
T. denticulata, Schoepf. t. 28. f. 1.
T. caibonaria, Spix, t. 16.

Bell, Test. t. 1, 2.

Dumeril et Bibroii, Erp. Gin. ii. 99; Cat. Mith.
R. 5.
T. tessellata, Schneider, Schoepff . t. 12. f. 2, t. 13; Neuw.

Abbild. t.
T. Cagado, Spix, Braz. t. 1 7.
T. sculpta, Spix, Braz. t. 18.
T. Grseca, Her in. Obs. Zool.
T. erosa, Schweigger.
T. gigantea, Schweigger ?
T. foveolata, Licht. Berl. Acad. 251 (1820).
Sphargis mercurialis, Schinz, t. 8. f. 1 ! not Merrem.
The Brazilian Tortoise, Gray, I. c. 5.

Hab. America; Brazils; Cayenne; Guadaloupe ; Chili.

a, b, c. Adult (stuffed). South America.

d. Adult (stuffed). South America. Presented by the

Zoological Society.

e. Half-grown, with only eleven marginal scales (stuffed).

West Indies. Presented by John Gould, Esq.

f, g. Half-grown and young. South America.

Osteology. Wiedemann, Arch. Zool. ii. 181.

h, i,j, k, I, m, n, o. Shell only (adult and young). South
America.

p, q, r. Skeletons (half-grown). South America.

This species differs in appearance according to the state
of the surface of the shell. When perfect the surface is
black, with small yellow impressed areolas to the plates
surrounded with deep concentric grooves ; but the surface is
often more or less worn, when the concentric furrows are
destroyed, the surface becomes smooth, and the small
areolas are obliterated. In this state it has been considered
a distinct species. The hinder vertebral plate is large, as
broad as the caudal, the hinder marginal and the half of
the second hinder marginal plate. In one specimen, which
has only eleven marginal plates on each side (the two liinder
being imited ?), the hmder vertebral is as wide as the cau-
dal and half the large hinder marginal plates.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

B. The last vertebral generally only as loide as the caudal
and half of each of the hinder marginal shields.
Confined to the Old World.

Testudo B, Gh-ay, Cat. Rept. B.M. 6.

a. Indian.
3. Testudo Indica. The Indian Tortoise.
Black ; pectoral shields short ; nuchal plates variable or
wanting ; animal black ; last vertebral often as broad as the
last three marginal.

Testudo Indica, Gmelin, S. N.

Gray, Syn. 9 ; Cat. Rej)t. B.M. 5 ; Cat. Zool. Soc.
40. fig. 9.
Chersina retusa, Merrem, Tetit.

T. Elephantopus, Harlan, J. Acad. Phil. iii. 284. t. 9.
T. nigra, Qi'oy, Voy. Uran. t. 40.

Duin. ^ Bib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 115 ; Cat. Mith. R. 5.
T. Californica, Quoy, Bnll. Sci.
T. Dussuniieri, Schleyel, Mvs. Leyd. i.

Pet. Gaz. t. 76. f. A.
T. gigantea, Schioeiy. Arch. Kcenigsb. i. 327.

Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 120; Cat. Meth. R. 5.

Schoepf. Hist. Testudinum, t. 22.

Shaw, Zool. t. 3.

Wieymann, Bon. Trans, t. 13.
T. Vosmaeri, Fitz. Cat. 44.

Dum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 140 ; Cat. Mith. R. 6.
T. nigrita, Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 81.
T. Daudinii, Bum. S,- Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 125 ; Cat. Meth.

R. 5.
T. Elephantina, Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. G4n. ii. 110; Cat.

Meth. R.b.
T. Perraultii,I>Mm.^.Bii..E'rp.G^n.ii.l26; Cat.Mith.R.o.
La ronde, Lacep. Quad. Ovip. i. 126. t. 5.
T. orbicularis, Bechst. in Lacep. i. 154.
T. rotunda, Latr. Rept. i. 107.

T. Peltastes, Dum. S/- Bib. Erp. Gen.u. 138; Cat. MM. R. 5.
Chersina (Cylindraspis) Vosmaeri, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29

(1843).
Testudo (Megalochelys) gigantea, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.

Hab. Isle of France ; Seychelles ; Isle Angouan ; India ;
California ; Galapagos.

m. Adult (stulfed).
;'. Adult animal and shell ; 23 inches.
/. Half-grown (stuffed).
/. Young (stuifed) ; 7 inches. Nuchal plate none.

ff. Young (stuffed) ; feet bad ; 6 inches. Nuchal plate

none.
i. Very young (stuffed) ; 4i inches. Whitish ; nuchal

plate none ; nucleus of plates dark.
d. Very young (stuffed) ; 4 inches. Nuchal ])late distinct.

Last vertebral narrower than the last three marginal.

Bengal. Presented by General J. Hardwicke.

Osteology. Cuvier, Oss. Foss. v. 176. t. 11. f. 17, 20,

skull.
h. Upper shell only, very large and broad. Presented by
E. Cross, Esq.

a. Adult (shell only) ; 32 inches. Nuchal plate ; not a

good state.

c. Adult ; 2 1 inches. Nuchal plate distinct.

e. Young (shell only) ; 14 inches. Nuchal plate di-
stinct.

h. Young (shell only); 5^ inches. Nuchal plate none;
nucleus of marginal and gular plates pale.

b. Very young (only upper part of shell) ; 4 inches. No

nuchal plate. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

n. Skeleton; adult. India? Presented by Her Majesty.

o. Skeleton ; half-grown. India. Mr. Bartlett's Collec-
tion.

p. Skeleton ; half-grown.

q. Skull. India. Dr. Mantell's Collection.

r. Monstrosity. Dorsal shields and the bones beneath them
very convex, concave within. India. Mus. Zoological
Society.

Var. Elongate, compressed on the sides, and turned up at

the edge.
Testudo Vosmaeri, Fitz.

s. Adult (stuffed). India? Presented by the Earl of
Derby.

Testudo Indica. — The skull in the Museum Collection,
and the one figured by Cuvier, t. 1 1 . f. 1 7-20, have a veiy
convex forehead.

4. Testudo planiceps. The Flat-headed Tortoise.
Tab. XXXIV.

Skull much depressed, flat; forehead flat, rapidly shelving
towards the nose-cavity.

Testudo planiceps. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853; Ann. ^
Mag. N.H. 1855, 153.

Hab. Galapagos ?

This species is only known by the skull. The fol-
lowing are the descriptions and measurements of a skull
of T. Indica and T. planiceps of nearly the same dimen-
sions.

Testudo Indica. — Skull high, convex ; forehead convex,
rounded to the nose-cavity, broad between the eyes ; tem-
ples flat behind ; cheeks small, four-sided ; edge of the jaw-
between the nose-cavity and the mouth narrow and rounded.
Nose-cavity oblong, nearly twice as high as broad, con-
tracted on each side above. Palate broad, oblong, very
deeply concave, and with concave converging sides in front.
Sphenoid bone deeply concave beneath under the condyle ;
lower jaws narrowed and rounded in front, not more than
half as hieh as behind.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

T. planiceps. T. Indica.

Length from condyle to fi'ont of li]) 5^ 5|

„ from occipital crest to nose-cavity . . 5f 5J

„ of palate concavity 2f 3^

„ of nasal opening ItV 2

Width at condyles 4^ 4

„ at end of temporal bones 3^ 4^

„ of palate concavity in middle 1 If

Height fi-om back of upper lip to top of head If 2f

,, from front of lower jaw 1 Of

Testudo planiceps. — Skull much depressed, flat ; fore-
head flat, with a rapid declivity towards the nose-cavity,
narrow between the eyes ; temples produced, bent in be-
hind ; cheeks large, subtrigonal ; edge of the jaws between
the nose-cavity and the moutli high and erect. Nose-cavity
nearly square, scarcely higher than broad, and very little
contracted above. Palate narrow, nearly lozenge-shaped,
truncated behind, rather deeply concave, with straiglit con-
verging sides in front. Sphenoid bone flat beneath under
the condyle ; lower jaw convex, erect in front and as high
as beliind.

After an examination of the specimens of the large Black
Tortoise {T. Indica) in the various English and continental
collections, including the specimens which had served
Schweigger, Schlegel, Fitzinger, Dtimeril and Bibron, and
others as the tvpe of the species, in the Catalogue of the
Tortoises, &c. in the Collection of the British iNIuseum, I
regarded them all as varieties of a single, very variable
species, which had been scattered by man in different tropical
parts of tlie globe. I see no cause to change this opinion
with respect to the head above described and figured, even
should it prove to be that of a black species, which is possible,
as the black species is the only one known which has any
affinity to it in point of size, and it is said to be from a shell
of that colour. This skidl was sent to Haslar Hospital, and
was said to have been taken from a specimen brought from
the Galapagos Islands.

The Black Tortoise of those Islands has been described
by Dr. Harlan under the name of Testudo Elephantopus,
but his figure and description so exactly agree with the
adult Testudo Indica, and the specimen in the Gardens of
the Zoological Society, brought from the Galapagos Islands,
is so exactly similar to the specimens of Testudo Indica
from the Mauritius, that I cannot think the usual black
Galapagos Tortoise is difi'erent from that species, or like the
skull here described under the name of T. planiceps.

5. Testudo Horsfleldii. Horsfield's Tortoise. Tab. I.

Shell oblong, rather depressed, pale, varied with blackish,

especially upon the lower side ; the areola of the costal plates

near their upper edge ; the gular plates elongate, triangular,

longer than broad ; the anal plates broader than long, the
hinder notch broad, triangular, the hinder marginal plates
broad, with the nucleus on the centre of their margin ; the
front edge of the fore arms with smaller scales than the
hiuder ; the vent with two blunt spines on each side.

Testudo Horsfleldii (Dr. Horsfield's Tortoise), Grai/, Cat.
Rept. B.M. 7.

Hah. India ; Afighanistan.

a. Young. India ; Affghanistan. Presented by the Hon.
East India Company.

This species is very like Testudo sulcata, but the shell is
more depressed, the margin rather more produced and
toothed, and the scales of the fore feet are small and un-
equal, and those on the side of the vent are shorter and
broader than in that species. The nuclei of the hinder
marginal shields are central, while in T. sulcata they are on
the hinder edge of the scales.

It resembles T. grceca, but the three pairs of sternal plates
are longer in comparison to their width than any specimens
we have, and the nuclei of all the hinder marginal plates
are on the hinder edge, and not in the centre.

6. Testudo stellata. The Starred Tortoise.

Shell ovate, convex ; shields convex, grooved, black,
yellow-rayed ; areola large, placed near the hinder edge ;
nuchal shield none ; head and feet black, yellow-spotted ;
tail short.

Testudo stellata, Schweiyyer, Prod. i. 325.

Gray, Syn. 12. t. 313 ; Cat. Rept. B. M. 7.

Seba, Thes. t. 79. f. 3, t. 80. f. 3.
T. actinoides. Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 419. t. 14; Test. t. 1, 2.

Dutn. ^- Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 66 ; Cat. Meth. R. .5.
T. elegaus, Schoepff. t. 25. f. 1.

T. geoinetrica, Shaw, Zool. v. t. 2. f. 1 ; Indian Rev. 1838, t.
Le Geometrique, Lacep. Q. O. 155. t. 9.

Young. Yellow ; black-rayed.

Testudo stellata, Sckweiyger, Prod.
T. elegans, Schoepff. Test. t. 26.

Baud. Rept. t. 25. f. 1.

Gray, Syn. t. 3. f. 1, 2.
Geochelone stellata, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 1 22 ; Syst. Rept. 29 .

Very young. Shell yellow ; commissures of the shields

black, forming together a lanceolate spot.

Testudo elegans, Schoejiff. Test. t. 26, copied Shaw, Zool.
ii. t. 6.

Hab. India ; Ceylon.

a. Adult (stuffed) ; 6 inches. Shields few-rayed. Ceylon.
Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

f, g, h, i. Adult (stuff'ed). Dorsal shields many-rayed.
India. Capt. Boys' Collection.

j, k. Animal (unstuffed). India.

8

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

/. Animal and shell (stuffed) ; shield of the back conical,
convex, truncated, many-rayed. India. From the
Zoolcgical Society.

Osteology : —

e. Adult (shell only) ; 10 inches. Shields very high, trun-
cated. PhiUppines.

))t. Adult (shell only); 10 inches. Shields flattish. India;
Madras. Presented by T. C. Jerdon, Esq.

b. Half-grown (shell only). Shields flattish, black, with

few yellow rays.

n. Half-grown (shell only), like h.

c. Young (upper shell only). Depressed, broad, pale ; nu-

cleus very large, pale margin of shields blackish marked.

(/ & o. Young. Nucleus moderate ; nucleus and margin
brown-edged, with foui- broad yellow rays.

Tlie specimens c and d show the very different size of
the young of this species when they are first hatched, the
shell c being nearly twice as long and wide as d, and yet
the shields have only one or two rings round the nucleus,
while in d they have several.

b. African.
7. Testudo geometrica. The Geometric Tortoise.

Shell oblong, convex ; shields yellow, grooved, black-
rayed ; areola yellow, truncated ; nuchal shield long.

Testudo geometrica, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 353.

Grai/, Spi. 12; Cat. Kept. li.M. 8.

Bum. 8,- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 57 ; Cat. Mith. R. 3.

Seba, Thes. t. 80. f. 8.

Lacep. Q. O. t. 3. f. 2.

S/iaiv, Zool. ii. t. 2.

Schoepff. Test. t. 10.

Band. Rept. t. 25. f. 1.
Psammobates geometricus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
Testudo (Psammobates) geometrica, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 1 22.
Chersine geometrica, Merrem. •

T. luteola. Baud. Rept. ii. 277. t. 25. f. 3.
T. tentoria. Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 420. t. 24 ; Test. t. 1.

Hab, Africa ; Cape of Good Hope ; Madagascar.

/ ar. 1 . Shell oblong, elongate, narrow, discal plate flat or
concave ; sternum flat or concave, brown, rare ; nuchal
plate elongate, narrow ; caudal shield much incurved
(7". geometrica).

I. Animal and shell (young) ; 2^ inches. Plates rather
convex. Cape of Good Hope.

Osteology : —

b, c, d. Shells only, various sizes, all wanting the front lobe
of sternum. South Africa.

e. Wanting front lobe of sternum ; discal shields rather
convex. South Africa. Dr. Mantell's Collection.

k. Shell (young) ; 2\ inches. Plates flattish. Cape of
Good Hope.

Var. 1. tentoria. Shell oblong, ventricose ; sternum
convex, black-rayed ; nuchal plates elongate, narrow ;
shields convex, truncated ; caudal shield incurved, con-
vex (T. tentoria, Bell).

Osteology : —

a. Shell wanting the first lobe of sternum ; '\\ inches.

South Africa. Mus. .Sloane.
/. Shell. Cape of Good Hope. Presented by Gen. Th.

Hardwicke.
g. Shell only, wanting a few plates ; 5 inches. Vertebral

shield very high. Cape of Good Hope.

Far. 3. nigriventris. Shell oblong, ventricose ; sternum
convex, dark in the middle, white on the sides ; nuchal
plates short, truncated ; shields convex, often high,
truncated.

m. Animal and shell (wanting discal plates). South Africa.

h. Shell (adulf) ; 5j inches. Dorsal shields high, conical ;
caudal plate produced. Cape of Good Hope. Pre-
sented by Robert Brown, Esq.

i&j. Shell (young). Dorsal shield rather convex; cau-
dal plate iuflexed. Cape of Good Hope. Presented
by Robert Brown, Esq.

n. Shell (half-grown). South Africa.

o. Animal aud shell (very young). Mauritius. Presented
by Lady Frances Cole.

The specimen of Testudo luteola (Baud. Rept. t. 25)
in the Paris Museum is evidently a young shell of this spe-
cies, without any shields.

There is no difference in the colour or in the size of the
areolEe of the three varieties ; the nuchal shield of the va-
riety tentoria is sometimes reduced to a linear transverse
band, and is very rarely quite deficient.

Schlegel refers Testudo tentoria and Pyxis aranoides of
Bell to this species {Fauna Japonica).

8. Testudo Verroxii. Verreaux's Tortoise.
Shell rather depressed, broad, brown, varied with broad,
black and narrow, pale yellow rays and spots ; beneath yel-
low, brown varied with a few black rays ; marginal shields
placed at an angle with respect to the costal shield ; nuchal
plate triangular ; discal plates simple, convex ; areola black,
with four yellow rays. Head above yellow ; feet with large
imbricate scales in front.

Testudo Verroxii, A. Smith, Illustr. Zool. S. Africa, t. 8 <?,
worn.

Gray, Cat. Rept. B. M. 9.

Hab. South Africa.

a. Animal and shell. South Africa. From Mr. Warwick's
Collection.

This species chiefly differs from T. geometrica in being
more depressed, brown, with black and narrow yellow rays.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

9. Testudo semiserrata. The Toothed Cape Tortoise.
Browii, yellow-rayed ; below yellow, black-rayed ; nuchal
shield elongate, triangular ; anterior and posterior margin
strongly serrated, the hinder margin recurved ; discal shield
with six or eight, marginal shield with one or two, broad
black rays ; the fore feet with large tubercular scales above
the claws.

Testudo semiserrata, A. Smith, IHust. S. Afric. Zool. t. 4.
Gray, Cat. Rept. B.M. 8.
Bum. Cat. MM. R. 3.

Hab. South Africa.

a. Adult. Shields rather convex. South Africa. From
the South African Museum.

6 & c. Shields scarcely raised. South Africa. From the
South African Museum.

Osteology : —

d. Yomig (shell only). Thorax orbicular ; margin more
acutely serrated. South Africa. From the South
African Museum.

10. Testudo radiata. The Coui.

Shell hemispherical ; shields flat, grooved, black, yellow-
rayed, areola small, rufous ; nuchal shield triangular ;
sternum produced in front, truncated behind.

Testudo racUata, Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 2.

Grew, Mus. t. 3. f. 2.

Bell, Test. t. 1, 2.

Gray, Syn. 1 1 ; Griffith's A.K. ix. ; Cat. Rept. B.M. 5.

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 83 ; Cat. Me'th. R. 5.

Wagler, Syst. Amphib. t. 6. f. 1, 2, skel.
T. Coui, Baud. R. ii. 2/1. t. 26. f. 2.
T. Madagascariensis, Comm. Mus. Par.
T. calcarata (part.), Merrem, Tent. f. 11.

Hab. Madagascar.

k. Adult (shell and animal). Margin and shields much
worn. Gular plate produced, rounded, not nicked ;
anal plate very short, very convex. Madagascar.

d. Shell and animal ; 6j inches. Gular plate nicked.

Madagascar.

/. Like k, but gular plate nicked.

m & II. Very young (animal and shell). Madagascar.

Osteology. Wagler, Syst. Amphib. t. 6. f. 1, 2, skeleton ;
Cuvier, Oss. Fuss. v. 193. t. 12. f. 1, 6, 12, t. 13. f. 16,
17, 27, 28, 35.

a. Upper shell only ; 9 inches. Madagascar. From the
Museum of the Royal Society.

b & c. Shell only. Madagascar. Presented by Gen. Th.
Hardwicke.

e. Shell only, wanting some plates ; 5j inches. Mada-

gascar.

/. Young (shell only) ; 4 inches. Gular plate short, trun-
cated. Madagascar.

g & 0. Young (shell only).

h. Very young (shell only).

i. Half-grown (shell only).

p. Skeleton and shell. Madagascar.
Society.

From the Zoological

q. Shell only. Shield black, with very broad yellow rays.
Madagascar.

11. Testudo Pardalis. The Leopard Tortoise.

Shell nearly hemispherical, blackish or yellow, black-
spotted ; shields grooved ; areola of the costal shields near
the upper edge ; nuchal shields none.

Testudo Pardahs, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 420. t. 25 ; Test.
t. 1, 2.

Gray, Syn. 12. t. 1. f. 2, 3 ; Cat. Rept. B.M. 7.

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 71 ; Cat. Meth. R. 4.
T. armata, Boie, Erp. Jar. MS.
T. bipunctata, Cuv. R. A. ii. 10.

Gray, Syn. t. 3. f. 2, 3.

Gottw. Schildk. t. k. f. 15.
Testudo Boiei, Wagler, Icon. Amphib. t. 13; Syst. Amphib.

138. t. 6. f. 7, 8.
Chelonoides Boiei, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
Geochelone chelonoides Boiei, Fit:. Syst. Schildk. 122.
" T. biguttata, Cuv.," Fit:.
"Testudo signata, Walbaum, t. 11," Schlegel.
Geochelone pardalis, Fit:. Syst. Schildk. 122.

Hab. Africa ; Cape of Good Hope ; Port Natal.

d. Adult (animal and shell) ; 1 2^ inches. South Africa.

From the South African Museum.

e. Animal and shell (half-grown). South Africa. Pre-

sented by the Zoological Society.

Osteology : —

/. Adult (stuffed) ; discal shield convex ; caudal shield
produced, elongate. South Africa. From the Zoo-
logical Society.

g. Young (shell only, without front lobe of sternum) ;
yellow, shields black-edged, areola spotted ; shields
grooved.

A. Sternum only ; 13 inches. South Africa.

12. Testudo sulcata. The Grooved Tortoise,

Shell oblong, depressed, dirty-yellow, dorsal line flattened,
with a deep triangular notch in front ; front and hinder
margin strongly reflexed and deeply toothed ; lateral edge
slightly keeled ; caudal plate very broad, inflexed ; shields
deeply grooved, areola small, of costal and marginal plates
marginal. Animal blackish-brown ; scales over the eye-
brows small ; sternum produced and bifid in front. Animal
pale yellow ; feet with very large scales in front ; thighs
with two large spines.
Testudo sulcata. Miller, Cim. Phys. t. 26.

10

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Testudo sulcata, Grmj, Syn. 68 ; Cat. Rept. B.M. 7.

Bum. (5- Bib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 74. t. 13. f. 1 ; Cat. MHh.
R. 5.
T. calcaiata, Schn. Syn. t. 12.

Bechst. in Lacep. i. 346. t.
T. radiata Seiiegalensis, Gray, Syn. 11.

Schlegel, F. Japan. 74.
T. Schoepfii, RiippeU.
Geochelone sulcata, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 122.

Hab. Africa ; Abyssinia ; Cape ; Senegal ; " Buenos
Ay res."

a. Young (stuffed) ; 8 inches. Abyssinia. From the

Frankfort Museum.

Osteology : —

b. Adult (upper shell only); 19 inches. South Africa.

c. European. Cherseus.
13. Testudo graeca. The Tartaruga.

Shell oblong, subglobose ; shields rather convex, black
and yellow-varied ; nuchal shield distinct.

Testudo Grseca, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 552.

Gray, Syn. 13; Cat. Tort. B.M. 9.

Valenc. Expcd. Morea, t. 7. f. 1, t. 9. f. 4.

Shaw, Zuol. ii. t. 1.

Sc/ioepf. Test. t. 8, 9.

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. G^n. ii. 49 ; Cat. Mith. R. 5 ; not
Pallas.
T. Carolina, Herm.
T. geometrica, Briinnich, Adriat. 92.
T. Hermanni, Schneid. 348.

Gmeti)i, Syst. Nat. 1041.

Seba, t. 80. f. 1.

Knorr, Del. Nat. ii. t. 52. f. 1 .
T. pusilla, Shaw, Zool. iii. 53.
T. Ibera, Pallas 1 Zool. Ross. ii.

Eichw. Zool. Spec. ii. 196 ; Fauna Casp. Cauc. 43.
t. 5?
T. Mauritanica, Bum. ^ Bib. E. Gen. ii. 44 ; Cat. Mith.
R. 3.

Bonap. Test. Eur. et Amer. 251.
African Land Tortoise, Edw. Birds, t. 204.
T. Zohaffa, Forslmel, F. Arab. 12.
Chersine grjeca, Merrem, Tent. 31.
Testudo terrestris, Gesner, Quad. O. 107, fig. P.aii Quad.

243.
La Tortue grecque, Cuv. R. A. ii. 9.
Testudo (testudo) graeca, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.

Hab. Europe ; North Africa ; Greece.

Far. Shell very convex, black, yellow spotted ; edge of
shell very blmit ; dorsal shields angular, deeply grooved ;
tail very short, conical, blunt. Body 1 foot ; tail 1
inch.
Cherseus Iberus, Ch. Bonap. Amph. Eur. 271

Hab. Iberia, near Tiflis. — Eichw.

Males 1 Caudal plate broad, strongly inflexed, sometimes
grooved.

a. Adult (stuffed). Sternum flat, black ; caudal with a

groove ; 5 inches. South Europe. Presented by
J. E. Gray, Esq.

d & e. Stuffed. Sternum black varied ; caudal plate entire ;
51^ inches. South Europe.

tn. Stuffed. South Europe. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

Osteology : —

b. Shell only. Sternum rather concave, black ; 4^ inches.

South Europe. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

o. Shell only. Caudal plate entire ; hinder lateral margin
rather expanded. South Europe.

Females 1 and young. Caudal plate rather narrow, flat,
sometimes divided.
T. Mauritanica, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 44.

c. Stuffed. Vertebral shields convex ; caudal plates with

a groove ; sternum black ; 5 inches. South Europe.
Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

f. Stuffed. Sternum black varied ; 7 inches. Some of

the marginal plates wanting. South Europe.

_;'. Stuffed (young) ; 1\ inches. South Europe. Presented
by Gen. Th. Hardwdcke.

k, I. In spirits (young). South Europe. Presented by
J. E. Gray, Esq.

V. Adult (stuffed). Hinder marginal plates rather pro-
duced. South Europe. Presented by J. E. Grav,
Esq.

Osteology : —

g. Shell only ; h\ inches. South Euro]3e.

h. Shell only ; 5 inches. South Europe. Presented by

J. E. Gray, Esq.
Testudo Mauritanica, Bum. ^' Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 44.

i. Shell only ; 7\ inches. South Europe. Presented by
Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

n. Shell only (half-grown).

p, q, r. Shell only (young).

s & t. Skeleton and shell (adult and young).

These shells vary considerably in external appearance.
In some the caudal plate is broader and strongly bent in at
the tip ; in others it is narrower and flat, or even sometimes
slightly bent out at the tip. All the female and young
specimens I have examined have this form ; I therefore
consider it as a sexual character only. The caudal plate in
both of these variations is often divided by a more or less
distinct central longitudinal groove, which has been con-
sidered as a specific character, but it varies greatly in
distinctness in different specimens ; in some the margins
over the hind limbs are more produced and reflexed than

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

11

in others ; these appear to pass almost into T. marginata.
This variet)' is figured by Schoejpff. t. 9.

The hinder lobe of the sternum of the female is some-
times moveable.

Called Tartaruga at Rome, where they are sold in the
market and eaten on fast days.

In the College of Surgeons there is a very narrow and
high variety, with the caudal plate spread out, and the
margin dilated and reflexed.

Schlegel refers T. marginata and T. Zolhafce as va-
rieties of T. graca.

14. Testudo marginata. The Margined Tortoise.

Shell oblong, ventricose, hinder edge horizontally ex-
panded ; shields black, yellow-varied, grooved, areola small,
yellow ; nuchal plate sleuder, long ; animal blackish ; limbs
largely scaled.

Testudo marginata, Schoepff. t. 11, 12. f. 1.

Gray, Syn. 11 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 9.

Falenc. ExpM. Morea, t. 7. f. 2.

Bum. S,- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 37 ; Cat. Meth. R. 3.

Wagler, Amphib. t. 25.
T. Graii, Herm. Obs. Zool. 219.
T. Grffica, Lacep. Q. 0. t. 5. f. 2.
T. greeca, var., Schlegel, F. Japan. 7.
T. campanulata, Jf^alb. Chel. 124.
T. lutraria, Gitiel.
T. rotunda, Lacep., Scheuch. Phjs. Sacra, ii. 261.

Hab. North Africa ; Barbary ; Algeria ; Greece ; Egypt.

a. Animal and shell (young) ; 3^ inches. Caudal plate
produced, flat. South Europe. Presented by J. E.
Gray, Esq.

Geocheloue rotundata, Fitc. Sijst. Schildk. 122.
Testudo Cherseus marginatus, Fite. Sijst. Schildk. 122.
Cherseus marginatus, TTagler, Syst. 138; Icon. Amphib.
t. 2.5.

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.

Osteology : — ■

Caret, Sjnx, Cephal. t. 4. f. 12, 15, skull.

a. Shell only (adult). The hmder margin very much pro-
duced. Greece. Mr. Parry's Collection.

It is doubtful if this is more than an accidental variety
of T. greeca, for the hinder lateral margin of the shell of
that species is often more or less produced.

\Miat is Testudo Forstenii, from Gilolo, — Schlegel, Fer-
hand. l

Schlegel, on the cover of Fauna Japonica, gives the name
of Testudo margaritifera to the figure of a Tortoise with
hair from the base of a very high hump on its back.

2. HOMOPUS.

Shell depressed, solid. Sternum solid ; hinder lobe
sometimes mobile ; sternal shields 1 2, gular plates separate,
pectoral plates narrowed on the inner edge. Claws 4 • 4,
elongate, acute. Fore-legs covered with uniform large
elongated scales. Sternum convex ; gular plates short,
separate. Africa.

Homopus,Di(?«.(J-5t'5.-E'?75.Ge'?j.ii. 145(1 835); Caf.M.R.6.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 10 (1844).
Testudo Homopus, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
Testudo, sp. Gray, Syn. 13.
Testudo § Chersobius, Fits. Syst. Schildk. 122 (1836).

1. Homopus signatus. The Speckled Tortoise.

Shell oblong, uniformly inclined on the sides ; shield

flattish, yellow, black-lined or dotted, areola blackish, sunk.

Homopus signatus, Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 182 ; Cat.
Meth. R. 6.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 10.
Testudo signata, jralb. Chel. 71. 120.

Schoepff. 120. t. 28. f. 2.

Gray, Syn. 13.

Bell, Test. t.
T. denticulata, var., Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 1045.
T. cafra. Baud. Rept. ii. 291.
T. pardalis, jun., Schlegel, F. Japon. 73.
Chersine signata, Merrem, Tent. 43.
Testudo Chersobius cafra, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 122.
Testudo Chersobius signata. Fits. Syst. Schildk. 122.

Hab. South Africa ; Cape of Good Hope.

a. In spirits (young). South Africa.

b. Dry, from spii'its (very young). Isle of France ?

2. Homopus areolatus. The Areolated Tortoise.

Shell oblong, depressed, bent up on the sides ; shields
convex, grooved, yellow ; sutures deep, areola sunk, ful-
vous ; nuchal shield slender ; animal pale bromi ; legs
largely scaly.

Homopus areolatus. Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 146. t. 15.
f. 2, 3 ; Cat. Meth. R. 6.

Ch-ay, Cat. Tort. B.M. 10.
Testudo areolata, Thunb. N. A. Sued. viii. 180.

Gray, Syn. 13.

Bell, Test. t. 1, 2.

Seha, Thes. i. t. 80. f. 61.

Schoepff. t. 23.
Chersina tetradactyla, Lesson, Bell. Sci. xxv. 119.

Merrem, Tent. 43.
T. fasciata, Baud. R. ii. 294.
T. pusilla. Baud. R. ii. 299.
T. Juvencella, Baud. R. ii. 299.
Le Verniillion, Lacep. Q. O. 1C6.
Testudo Chersobius fasciata, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 122.
Chersina fasciata. Men-em.

Hab. South Africa ; Cape of Good Hope,

c 2

12

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

d. Animal and shell (dry). Cape of Good Hope. Mr.

Parzudaki's Collection.

e. Animal and shell (stuffed) ; discal shield very convex,

truncated. South Africa. From the Zoological So-
ciety.

Osteology : —

b. Shell only ; 3^ inches. South Africa. Presented by

J. E. Gray, Esq.

/. Shell only. Mauritius.

a. Animal and shell (dry) ; not good state ; 3 inches.
Cape of Good Hope. Presented by R. Brown, Esq.

c. Animal and shell (stuffed) ; 3^ inches. From the South

African Museum.

Var. pallida. Shell hemispherical ; shields pale grooved,
areola blackish ; caudal shield broad, incurved.

Homopus areolatus, var. pallida. Gray, Testudinata, 5, ined.

Hah. Africa.

n. South Africa. Presented by Robert Brown, Esq.

Apt to vary in the number and form of the vertebral,
costal and marginal shields ; the nuchal shield is sometimes
wanting, or reduced to a small triangular scale behind the
angles of the marginal plates.

Animal pale brown-black, strongly toothed ; head with
small scales and a large six-sided occipital plate ; fore-leg
with lanceolate tubercular scales ; tail short, conical ; cheeks
covered with small scales.

Testudo cafra and Testudo Juvencella, Daudin, of which
only two very imperfect specimens exist in the Paris Mu-
seum, are probably varieties of one of these species. The
first has fifteen discal and the latter very convex dorsal
plates.

3. CHERSINA, Gray.

Thorax convex, very solid. Sternum solid ; sternal
shields 1 1, the gular pair united into a single produced one ;
inguinal plates moderate. Claws 5*4.

Palate of skull flat.

Chersina, Gray, Syn. Rept. 14. 69 (1831) ; Grif. A. K.

hi. ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 11 (1844).
Testudo et Chersina, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 122 (1836).
Chersina (Chersina), Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
Testudo (§ iii. part.), Dmn. ^ Bib. Erp. Ghx. ii. 1,51 ;

Cat. Meth. R. 5.

Dumeril and Bibron and Fitzinger have confounded this
genus with the varieties of Testudo Indica, which have the
gular plates united or apparently so.

Palate of skull flat, very unlike that of true Testudines,
where the palate is very deep, concave.

1. Chersina angulata. The Angulated Tortoise.

Shell oblong, ventricose ; shields black-grooved, yellow-
varied ; areola yellow, sunk.

Chersina angulata. Gray, Syn. 15. 69. t. 1, 2; Cat. Tort.
B.M. 11.

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.
Testudo angulata, Dmi. MSS. in Mus. Paris.

Sc/iweiffff. Arch. Koetiigsb. i. 321.

Bell, Test. t. 1.

Bum. Si- Bib. Erp. Gen ii. 330 ; Cat. Meth. R. 5.
T. Bellii, Gray, Spic. Zool. t. 3. f. 4.

K>iorr, Del. Nat. ii. t. 52. f. 2.
T. flavo-fusca, 3Ius. Berl.
T. pusilla, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 353.

T. Graii, Bmn. f Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 135 ; Cat. Meth. R. 5.
T. tabulata, var. Africana, Schweigg. Arch. Koenigsb. i. 322.
? T. sculpta, Brandt, not Spix.

Hab. South Africa ; Cape of Good Hope ; Madagascar.

a. Adult (animal and shell ; stufied) ; worn. Pale horn-

colour, with a brown spot in each areola ; 7\ inches.
South Africa. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

b. Animal (half-grown), not good state ; 5y inches. Cape

of Good Hope. Presented by Robert Brown, Esq.

e. Animal and shell (half-grown), in spirits. Cape of Good

Hope. Mr. Brandt's Collection.
Testudo sculpta, Brandt, MSS., not Spix.

/ & g. .\nimal and shell (stuffed). South Africa.

Osteology :—

c. Shell ouly (half-grown) ; 5^ inches. Cape of Good

Hope. Presented by R. Brown, Esq.

d. Shell only (young), solid ; 4 inches. Cape of Good

Hope. Presented by J. E. Gray, Esq.

(■&_;'. Shell only. Cape of Good Hope.

Schlegel considers Kinixys castanea and K. Homeana as
varieties of the species.

4. KINIXYS.

Thorax convex, hinder lobe becoming mobile, with a
carious suture over the inguinal plate. Sternum solid ;
sternal plates 12 ; gular pair separate ; inguinal plates very-
large. Claws 5 • 4 or 4 • 4, cyUndrical, blunt ; outer front
one small.

Kinixys, Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. ; Zool. Journ. ii. 514(1828).

Gray, Syn. 15 (1831) ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 11.
Cinixys, Wagler, Syst. 138 (1830).

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843); Syst. Schildk. 121
(1836).
Cinothorax (Bellianus), Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).

In the young the dorsal suture is scarcely observable,
but then the genus can be distinguished by the large size
of the inguinal plates ; the suture becomes more observable

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

13

as the animal increases in age, unlike the Box Tortoises,
where the moveable lobes of the sternum often become
annhylosed in the older specimens. Cuvier, having seen
only one specimen (Reff. Anim. ii. 10), considered this
Structure as an accidental deformity, and Wagler by mistake
savs it is the front part that is moveable.

In a very perfect ^young specimen in the Museum, the
third costal shield is divided obliquely across by a regular
linear suture into two distinct plates, from the hinder part
of the upper to the front part of the lower or outer edge.

The number of the claws is liable to vary in the same
specimen.

* Sternum truncated before and behind ; fifth vertebral
plate evenly convex ; claws 4 • 4 or 5 • 4. Cinothorax.

1. Kinixys BeUiana. Bell's Kinixys. Tab. II.

Shell oblong, subquadrate, yellow, brown-rayed, rather
depressed in front, margin nearly entire ; fourth and fifth
vertebral shields equally convex ; nuchal shield elongated.

Kiuixvs Belliana, Gray, Syn. 09; Cat. Tort. B.M. 12.

Griffith, A. K. t.
Cinixys Belliana, Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 1C8; Cat.

Mkh. R. 6.
Kiuixvs Shoeusis, Riippell, Mas. Senck. t.
Cinothorax Bellianns, Fit:. Si/st. Rejit. 29 (1843).
Cinixys (Cinothorax) belhana. Fit:. Sysf. Schildk. 121

(1836).

Hab. North and West Africa ; (naturalized in Guada-
loupe ? and ^Mexico 1) .

a. Animal and shell. Claws 5 '4. Yellow, much rubbed.

Africa? Presented by Dr. John Edward Gray.

b. Animal and shell (adult) . Claws 4 • 4. Yellow, brown-

rayed. Gambia. Presented by J. Whitfield, Esq.

c. Animal and shell (stuffed). Claws 4 • 4. Discal shields

concentrically grooved, pale yellow, black-rayed ; areola
brown varied ; sternum yellow, flat. "Mexico." Mr.
Warwick's Collection.

d. Very yoimg (in spirits). The nuchal shield short, small,

distinct, the third costal jjlate on each side divided
regularly and obliquely across ; the fore-leg with a row
of triangular s]iines on the inner side, and two or three
scattered irregular sjiines on its front part. Africa.
Mr. Bartlett's Collection.

** Sternum deeply notched in front ; claws 5' A; fifth
vertebral plate regularly rounded. Cinixys.

2. Kinixys erosa. Eroded Kinixys.

Shell oblong, brown (yellow-rayed?), hinder edge re-
flexed, toothed ; the fifth vertebral shield equally rouuded ;
nuchal shield uone.
Kinisys erosa. Gray, Syn. 16 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 12.

Cinixys erosa. Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 16.t ; Cat. Mtth.

R.'e.

Testudo angulata (adult), Schlegel, F. Japan. 72.
Kinixys castanea. Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. t. 18.
Testudo erosa, Schn. Arch. Kceniysb. i. 321 (jun.).
T. denticulata, Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 13 (jun.), not Linn.
Cinixys castanea. Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29 ; Syst. Schildk. 121 .
Testudo Schopfii, Fits.

Toung. Back equally rounded ; five vertebral sliields

scarcely raised.
Kinixys castanea. Bell, Linn. Trans, xviii. t. 18.

Fery young. Shell depressed, entire ; edge toothed.

Testudo denticulata, Shaw, Zool. ii. t. 13, in Mus. Coll.

Surg.
T. erosa, Schweigger.

Hub. West Africa ; Gambia.

a. Adult shell (with fore feet only) ; 9i inches. Fore feet

covered with three rows of large, long, triangular scales.
West Africa ; Gambia.

Osteology : —

b. Half-grown (shell only) ; 6 inches. West Africa. Pre-

sented by Thomas Bell, Esq.
Kinixvs castanea. Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. t. 18.

c. Half-grown (shell only) ; 5 inches. West Africa ?

*** Sternum slightly notched in front ; claws 5 ' 4 ; fifth
vertebral plate produced.

3. Kinixys Homeana. Home's Kinixys.

Shell oblong, subquadrate, brown, hinder edge reflesed ;
up]3er edge of the fifth vertebral shield compressed, pro-
duced ; nuchal shield generally distinct.

Kinixys Homeana, Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. 400. t. 1 7 (1828).

Gray, Syn. 15; Cat. Tort. B.M. 11.
Cinixys Homeana, Bum. l^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 161. t. 14.
f. 2 ; Cat. Meth. R. 6.

Berthold, Act. Nat. Cur. xxii. t. 12 (1845).

Fit:. Syst. Schildk. 121.
Testudo Homeana, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1825.
T. angulata (adult), Schlegel, F. Japon. 72.

Hab. West Africa ; (naturalized in Demerara ? and Gua-
daloupe ?) .

Osteology : —

a. Shell only ; 7 inches. Demerara. Presented by Sir

Everard' Home, Bart.

b. Shell only. Cape Coast, West Africa. Presented by

Lieut. Matthew C. Friend, R.N.

M. Schlegel {Faun. Japon. Chelon. 72) regards both

14

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

K. castanea and K. Homeana as the adult state of Chersina
angulata !

5. PYXIS.

Shell subglobose, solid. Sternum with the front lobe
mobile, the suture below the humeral and pectoral shields.
Animal 1

Pyxis, Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. t. 1() ; Zool. Journ. ii. .514.

Gray, Syn. Test. U ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 12 (1844).

BumMl ^ Bibron, Erp. G('n. i. 15,5 ; Cat. Meth. R. G.

Wayler, Sysf. 138.
Testudo § 6 (Pyxis), Fitz. Syst. Sc/iiklJc. 122; Syst.Rept.

29.
Testudo, sp., Schhgel.

1. Vjn.s arachnoides. The Pyxis.

Shell hemispherical, yellow and black varied, very va-
riable in colour.

Pyxis arachnoides, Bell, Linn. Trans, xv. t. IC.

Gray, Syn. Ifi ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 12.

Fit:. Syst. Rept. 2!).

Bum.^Bib.Erp.Gen.\i.\bC,.\..\A.i.\; Cat.Me't/i. R.6.
P. Madagascariensis, Lesson, Bull. Sci. xxv. 120.
Testudo geometrica, var., Schlegel, F. Japan. 74.
Testudo (Pyxis) arachnoides, Fit:. Syst. Schildk. 122.
Pyxis arachnoidea, Tl^iegm.

Hah. Madagascar; Isle of France. Mus. Bell (two
specimens).

M. Schlegel {Fatin. Japon. Chelon. 74) regards Pyxis
arachnoides. Bell, as a variety of Testudo geometrica !

** Palmata. Feet palmate ; toes mobile ; claws 4 or 5,
elongate, acute (p. 4).

Testudines lutrariee, PI in.

Emys ou Tortues d'eau douce, Bronyniart, Institute,

1805.

Oppel, Rept.
Cuv. R. A. ii. 10.
Elodites ou Tortues paludines, Bmn. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii.

171 ; Cat. Meth. R. 7.
Phyllopodochelones, Rit:en.
Steganopoda, Fit:. Syst. Schildk.
Amydse, sect., Opipel.
Digitata (part.), Merrem.
Gynmopodi, Latr.
Phyllopodochelones, Chersydrochelones seu Amydae, et Po-

docheloncs, Chersochelones seu Dysmydse, Rit:en.
■Steganopodes, TJ^agler.

t Rostrata. Month rostrate ; jaiv incased with a horny
sheath, not covered ivithjleshy lips.

Rostrata, Fit:. Syst. Schildk. 1836.
Ohren Schildkroten, Oken.
Emydoidea, Fit:.
Fluviales seu Elodites, Diiin. ^~ Bib.

Fam. II. EMYDID^ (Terrapens).

Head rather depressed, covered with a hard or soft skin ;
jaws with a naked horny beak ; nostril small, apical. Neck
retractile into the cavity of the thorax. Feet depressed,
expanded ; toes 5 • 5, 5 • 4 or 4 " 4, almost always webbed
to the claws ; claws sharp. Tail conical, shielded beneath.
Thorax generally depressed, solid, with a distinct bony
margin, covered with horny ])lates. Discal plates 13, mar-
ginal 24-26, caudal always separate ; sternal shields 1 1 or
12, gular pair sometimes united. The vertebrae of the
neck bent in a perpendicular bow. Pelvis only united to
the vertebrae. Rapid ; living in freshwater ponds. Car-
nivorous, eating mollusca, worms, insects and carrion ; only
taking their food while in the water. Egg oblong, white.

Emydidce, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 210 (1825) ; Syn. Rept. 17;
Cat. Tort. B.M. 13.

Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 514 (1828).
Emydee, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 55; Syn. Rept. 17
(1831).

IJ'iegmann ^- Ruthe, Handb. Zool. 160.
Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
Sivainson, Lard. Cycloj). 344.
Emydina (part.). Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 210 (1825).
Eniydina, Bonap. Tab. .inalyt. 6 (1836).
Terrapene, Bonap. Obserr. Rig. Anim. 153 (1830).
TestudinidK, Testudinina (part.), Bonaj). Saggio Anim.

Vert. 13 (1832).
Emydoides (part.), Fit:. Neue Class. (1826).
Emvs (Tortues d'eau douce) (part.), Brongn. Institute
("1805).

Oppel, Rept. (1811).
Cuv. R.A. ii. 10; ed. 2. ii. 10.
Merrem, Tent. 22.
Tortues ii boite, Cuv. R. A. ii. 12.
Elodites ou Tortues Paludines (§1. Les Cryptoderes), Bum.

Sf Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 171, 201 ; Cat. Meth. R. 7.
Phyllopodochelones (Chersvdrocheloues) (part.), Rit:en,

Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Ciir. xiv. 269 (1828).
Testudines lutrarise, Plin. II. N. xxxii. c. 4.
Podochelones (Dysmyda;) (part.), Rit:en, I. c. 270 (1828).
Chelidridse (part.), Swainson, Lard. Cyclop. 343.

In some, perhaps in all the genera, the head of the
males is larger and broader, the tail larger and longer, and
more strongly clawed at the end, and the sternum more
concave, as in the former family, than in the females.

Dr. Harlan observes that the females of some species are
more keeled than the males, but this distinction is very
doubtful, and requires verification.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

15

Synopsis of the Genera.

A. Head and tail moderate ; sterno-costal suture simple.

a. Sternum solid, truncated before and nicked behind, attached
to the thorax by a bony symphysis, covered with the end of
the pectoral and abdominal shields ; sternal plates 12 ; axil-
lary and inguinal plates moderate or none.

* Pectoral plates small, short, triangular, lateral, far apart.

1 . Manouria.

** Pectoral plates broad, square, close together, side by side.
t Toes strong, free, not %cebbed, cross-shielded above.

2. Geoemyda. Head covered with a thiu hard skin. Toes rather

short, free ; claws 5 ' 4.

tt Toes strong, webbed, cross-shielded above.

3. Niooria. Head covered with a thin hard skin ; eyes large,

close together, subsuperior. Toes very short, united.

4. Geoclemys. Head covered with a thin hard skin, rhombic;

forehead flat ; eyes lateral. Toes strong, shortly webbed.

5. Emys. Head covered with a thin hard skin, broad, ovate;

forehead convex ; eyes subsuperior ; branches of lower jaw
narrow, covered with the beak. Toes short, strongly webbed.

6. Chrysemys. Head covered with a thin hard skin, oblong;

forehead convex ; eyes subsuperior. Sternum broad, rounded
before and behind. Toes strongly webbed.

ttt Tees elongate, largely vwbbed. with small scales above.

7. Pseudemys. Head covered with a thin hard skin, ovate ;

forehead convex ; eyes subsuperior ; branches of lower jaw
dilated, flat, covered with a soft skin. Toes short, webbed.

8. Batagur. Head covered with a thin hard skin, broad, ovate ;

forehead convex ; eyes subsuperior ; branches of lower jaw
narrow. Toes largely webbed.

0. Malaclemys. Head depressed, covered with a soft skin, ovate ;
forehead convex; eyes subsuperior. Toes broadly webbed.

b. Sternum divided by a central cross suture, attached to the
thorax by a ligamentous suture, covered by the end of the
pectoral and abdominal shields ; sternal plates 12; axillary
and inguinal plates very small. Toes webbed.

t Legs scaly ; toes slightly webbed.

10. Cistudo. Head rhombic; forehead flat; eyes lateral. Ster-

num very broad; anterior lobe covered with the gular,
humeral and pectoral plates," and quite free.

11. Lutremys. Head ovate; forehead convex; eyes subsui)erior.

Sternum broad; tlie suture l)etween the two sternal lobes in
the short sterno-costal sutiu'e.

tt Legs with crescentic shields ; toes broadly webbed.

12. Cviora. Head rhombic ; forehead flat ; eyes lateral. Sternum

very broad ; anterior lobe partly included in the sterno-costal
suture.

13. Cyclemys, Head ovate ; forehead convex ; eyes subsujierior.

Sternum rather narrower than the cavity at each end ; the
cross suture between the two sternal lobes in the middle of
the long sterno-costal suture.

c. Sternum divided by two cross sutures; central lobe attached
to the thorax by a bony symphysis, covered by the end of the
abdominal shields only; sternal plates II or 8; the axillary
and inguinal plates large. Toes webbed.

14. Kinosternon. Sternal plates 1 1 ; gular plates united ; humeral

and pectoral distinct ; pectoral triangular.

15. Aroinoclielys. Sternal plates 11 ; gular linear, rudimentary;

pectoral broad, four-sided.

16. Staurotypus. Sternal plates 8 ; gular, humeral and pectoral

united together.

B. Head and tail very large; sterno-costal symphysis covered
with one or three peculiar plates.

a. Sternum cross-like, acute before; sternal plates 10, with a

broad one on each side, over the sides of the sternum.

17. Cbelydi-a. Head depressed, covered with a soft skin. Shell

with a single series of mai'ginal shields.

18. Macroclemys. Head large, high, covered with symmetrical

horny plates. Shell with a double series of marginal shields
on each side.

b. Sternum broad, truncated before ; sternal plates 12; sterno-
costal suture covered with three or four additional plates.

19. Platysternon. Tail cylindrical, shielded. Shell depressed.

20. Dermatemys. Tail ? Shell convex.

These genera pass gradually one into the other, and the
similarity in the form of the sternum between Platyster-
non and Emys converts the series into a circle. The genus
Cistudo appears to unite them to the Land Tortoises, while
Chelydra has some affinities with certain of the Chelydce.

A. Head and tail moderate ; sterno-costal suture simple.

Emydina (part.), Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 210 (182.")).
Emydidse § A, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 13 (1844).
Emys, Gray, Syn. Rejjf. 20.

Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 234 ; Cat. Meth. R. 8.

a. Sternum solid, truncated before and nicked behind, at-
tached to the thora.v by a bony symphysis ; sternal
plates 12; axillary and inguinal plates moderate or
none. Emydina.

Emydidse § A. a, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 13.
Emydina (part.), Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 210.
Clemmvs, IVagler, Syst. Repf. 137.
Fit.:. Syst. Repf. 29 (1843).

* Pectoral plates small, short, triangular, lateral, far
apart.

1. MANOURIA.

Animal luiknown. Shell rather depressed ; caudal plates
double, separate. Sternum solid, broad, produced and

16

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

slightly nicked in front, with onl}' five pair of broad shields ;
the pectoral shields being short, subtriangular, only occu-
pying the angle between the outer edge of the humeral and
abdominal shields ; axillary shields small, inguinal larger ;
the areola of the discal shield central.

The depressed form and divided caudal plate induce me
to place this genus in Emyda. It most resembles Testudo
Gopher in appearance, but is at once known from that spe-
cies and all the other genera of Testudinid^e, Emydce and
Chelyd(B by the peculiar form of the pectoral plates, which
at first sight might he mistaken for a very large inguinal
plate, if that ]ilate were not also present. In this respect it
somewhat resembles the genus Khwsternon, but tliere the
plate is only narrow at the inner end and reaches nearly to
the centre of the sternum.

The various genera of Tesfiidinidce have the pectoral
plates much smaller than the others, and perhaps the small
size of the plate in this genus shows its affinity among the
EmyditKB to that family ; and were it not for the regular
division of the caudal and the form of the pectoral plates,
it might be regarded as nearly allied to the very variable
Testudo Indica.

1. Manouria fusca. Brown Manouria. Tab. III.

Pale brown, nearly uniform. Discal shield concentrically
grooved, with a central areola ; the anterior and posterior
lateral margins acute, slightly sinuated and rather bent up ;
the humeral and abdominal plates longer than broad, the
abdominal very large ; gular produced, narrowed in front.

Geoemyda spinosa, adult, Cantor, Rept. Malay. Peni/is. 1 .
Manouria fusca. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1852, 133 ; Ann. ^'
Mag. Nat. Jlisf. 'l85,j, xv. 68.

Hah. Pinang.

a. Shell only, in had state, wanting many of the horny
discal shields ; front of the sternum acutely notched.
Pinang. From the Zoological Society.

/j. Shell only : adult. In a bad state ; front of the sternum
deformedand worn nearly round. Pinang Hills. From
Dr. Cantor's Collection. Presented by the Hon. East
India Company.

"Geoemyda spinosa. Cantor."

" Found on the great liill at Pinang at a distance from
water." — Cantor.

Dr. Cantor's description of the animal is copied from the
generic character of the genus Geoemyda in this Catalogue,
and therefore has no special relation to the animal of this
genus.

** Pectoral plates broad, square, close together, side by
side.

t Toes strong, free, not webbed, covered with a series of
plates above.

2. GEOEMYDA.

Head covered with a thin hard skin, oblong ; forehead
rather convex. Eyes subsuperior. Branches of the lower
jaw narrow, rounded, covered with the beak. Chin not
bearded. Legs strong, not fringed behind, covered with
large triangular scales. Toes strong, short, free to the base,
covered above by a series of shields ; claws 5 • 4, short,
curved. Hind foot with a distinct rudimentary clawless
fifth toe. Tail tapering. Shell depressed, keeled ; areola
of dorsal shields posterior, marginal ; hinder edge strongly
toothed. Sternum solid, broad, truncated before, nicked
behind ; shields six pair, subequal ; pectoral shields broad ;
gular plate linear, baud-like, small ; axillary and inguinal
plates small. The sternum is often concave, like Testudo.

This genus differs from Eniys in the toes being quite free.

Geoemyda, Groy,P)-oe. Zool. Soc. 1834; Cat. Tort. B.M. 14.
Geoemys, " Gray," Bonap. Tab. Analyt. 7 (1836).
Emys, sp., Gray, Syn. Rept. 20.

Bum. Si' Bib. Erp. Gen. ; Cut. Meth. R.
Testudo, sp., Miilter, Verhand.

Bum. ^- Bib. MSS. ; Cat. Meth. R. 4.
Chelonura, sp., Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 171 (1836).

1. Geoemyda spinosa. The Spinose Land Emys.

Shell oblong, subquadrate, keeled, flattened above, chest-
nut-brown, front and hinder edge strongly serrated ; verte-
bral plates broad, first suburceolate ; costal plates with a
posterior, subsuperior areola, with a slight subconic tubercle ;
beneath yellow, brown-rayed. Toung depressed, pale brown,
bluntly keeled, with a distinct spine in the areola of each
discal plate.

Geoemvda spinosa, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834 ; Illust.

Ind! Zool. t. . f. 2 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 14.
Emys spinosa. Gray, Syn. 20 ; Illust. Ind. Zool. t. . f . 1

(young).

Bell, Test. t. 1, young.

Bum. H)- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 32" ; Cat. Meth. R. 15.
" E. bispinosa," Schleyel.
Testudo Emys, G. Midler, Verh. Rept. 34. t. 4 ? (1844) ;

(vertebral plates not keeled).
T. Emydoides, Bum. t'j- Bib. MSS. ; Cat. Meth. R. 4.

Hab. Pinang {Cantor) ; Sumatra (MUller) ; Java (Bu-
miril).

a. Adult (stuffed) ; 8 inches. Sumatra. River Auch.

b. Young (in spirits). Sumatra. From the Leyden Mu-

seum.
" Testudo Emys, G. Milller."

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

17

c and d. Young and adult (stuffed). Pinang, Singapore.
Mr. Wallace's Collection.

Fouiiff. Head and neck brown, with a large irregular
yellow spot on each side of the nape. Costal shield with a
small spine in the hinder edge of each areola.

The forehead covered with large, the occiput and the
hinder part of the branches of the lower jaw with smaller,
flat, symmetrical plates, which are more distinct in the
younger specimens.

•ff Toes short, strong, covered ahove with transverse shields,
united htj a scaly weh to the claws ; claws curved.

3. NICORIA.

Head covered with a thin horny skin ; forehead narrow.
Eyes very large, rather close, subsuperior. Upper beak very
strong, acute. Legs strong, not fringed beliind, covered
with thick triangular scales, forming a series on the outer
side of the front. Toes very short, united, free just at
the end, covered above with band-like shields. Hind
foot narrow, with a very obscure rudiment of a fifth toe,
only to be seen in the skeleton or in the dry contracted
state. Claws .5 • 4, curved. Shell depressed, three-keeled ;
areola of dorsal shield posterior, marginal ; hinder edge
strongly toothed. Sternum solid, broad, truncated before,
nicked behind ; shields six pair, subcqual ; pectoral shields
broad, square ; gular small ; axillary and inguinal plates
rudimentary or wanting. Africa.

1. Nicoria Spengleri. Spengler's Nicoria.

Shell oblong, depressed, pale brown, three-keeled ; keels
continuous, distant, black-edged ; hinder edge deeply ser-
rated ; vertebral shields quadrate ; sternum black, yellow-
edged. Animal olive, red dotted, with a white streak on
each side of the neck.

Testudo Spengleri, Walb. Berlin Naturf. vi. 122. t. 3.

Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 1043.
Emys Spengleri, Baud. R. ii. 103.

Schweiff. Prod. 310.

Merreni, Am ph. 23.

Gray, Syn. 21.

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 308 ; Cat. Meth. R. 15.
Geoemyda Spengleri, Gray, Proc. Zool. Sac. 1834 ; Cat.

Tort. B.M. 14.
Testudo serrata, Shaw, Zool. iii. 50. t. 9.
T. serpentina, var., Latr. Rept. i. 1G3.
T. tricarinata, Bory, Voy. Isl. Afric. Atlas, t. 37. f. 1.
Chelonura serpentina (part.), Bonaj). Ohs. Cuv. R. A. 171.

Hab. Africa? China.

a. Adult ; animal dry (shell lost two scales) ; 3^ inches.
China. Presented by John Russell Reeves, Esq.

c. Adult (in spirits). From the Zoological Society.

Osteology : —

b. Half-grown shell ; the ossification incomplete on the
entire circumference. Africa.

Schlegel, in the Fauna Japonica, confounds Em^js cras-
sicollis, E. Thurgi, E. Reevesii and Cistudo dentata with
this species, but they do not even belong to the same natural
genus. It appears to be rave on the Continent, as it is
wanting in the Paris and Leyden Museums.

Latreille and Prince Bonaparte confound this species with
Chelonura serpentina.

4. GEOCLEMYS.

Head moderate, covered with a thin hard skin ; forehead
flat ; cheeks perpendicular. Eyes lateral. Chin not bearded.
Fore-legs covered with broad lunate scales. Toes short,
strong, covered with transverse shields above, slightly
webbed. Claws 5 • 4. Tail moderate. Shell depressed.
Sternum solid, broad, truncated before, nicked behind ;
aftixed to the thorax by a bony symphysis, covered by the
ends of the pectoral and abdominal plates ; axillary and
inguinal plates moderate, distinct. Asiatic and American.
Emys, sp., Brongniart and others.

This genus contains the more terrestrial and solid-shelled
Terrapens with webbed feet ; their head is more square and
flat-topped than in their more aquatic congeners ; and they
have the eyes on the side of the face. The skull is square,
with a broad flat forehead ; the orbits being placed quite
on the side of the head and not interrupting the outline of
the forehead, as in the more aquatic Emydes.

These animals are essentially aquatic, but often leave the
water for months together. They are very active and
restless.

* Back three-keeled : keels interrupted, nodose.

** Back three-keeled; keels continued.

*** Back one-keeled ; shields radiate, concentrically grooved.

**** Back not keeled, depressed; shields thin, spotted.

* Back three-keeled, spotted; areolce rugose, each ivith a
very broad nodose longitudinal ridge; hinder edge
entire or subdentate. Asiatic.

1. Geoclemys Hamiltonii. Hamilton's Emys.

Shell oblong, convex, solid, with three interrupted keels,
slightly toothed behind, black, yellow-rayed ; shield con-
vex, areola rugose, with a large irregular central keel ;

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

sternum keeled on the sides, black, yellow- varied. Head
and body black, yellow-spotted.

Emys Hamiltonii, Gray, Syn. 21.72; Cat. Tort. B.M. 19.

Bum. ^' Bib. Erp. Gt'n. ii. 316; Cat. Meth. R. 14.
E. guttata, B. Hamilton, MSS.

Gray, II lust. Ind. Zool. t. 9. f. 1, not Schweig.
E. Picquotii, Lesson, Belanyer, Joy. 29-1.

Hah. India ; Bengal. Common in ponds.

a. Animal (in spirits) . India; Bengal. From M. Picquot's

Collection.

h. Animal (stuffed). India; Bengal. From M. Picquot's
Collection.

The head is rhombic ; the forehead flat, rather convex
over the eyebrows.

** Back three-keeled ; heels continued. Asiatic.
2. Geoclemys Reevesii. Reeves' Emys. Tab. V.

Shell oblong, very convex, black (pale brown when dead),
obscurely three-keeled ; keels distant, lateral and continued ;
vertebral shields broad, six-sided ; margin entire; the second
pair of sternal shields subtriangular, narrow at the inner
edge ; inguinal and axillary plates large. Head black, cheek
and neck yellow-lined.

Emys Reevesii, Gray, Syn. Rept. 73.

Dxim. S,- Bib. Erp. 'Gen. ii. 315 ; Cat. Meth. R. 14.
E. Spengleri, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 51.

Hub. China.

a. Adult, dry ; '2J inches. China. Presented by J. R.

Reeves, Esq.

c. Adult, stuffed. China. Mr. Bartlctt's Collection.

Osteology : —

b. Shell of adult ; 2f inches. China. Presented by J.

R. Reeves, Esq.

M. Schlegel also refers this most distinct species to
Geoemyda Spengleri. It is much like E. Hamiltonii in
general appearance, but differs in the keel being continued.

Head rhombic ; crown flat, when dry rather convex
over the orbits, smooth, brown, with a few pale dots ;
cheeks with a short broad white line from the middle of
the hinder edge of the orbits. Tympanum edged with a
white lunate band above ; eyes lateral ; lower beak pale,
brown-varied, with a broad short pale streak from its
hinder edge. Toes short. The first vertebral plate broad,
only slightly contracted behind.

The second specimen (Tab. V.) has the same marks,
but they have been rather distorted in the stuffing.

3. Geoclemys Seba. Seba's Emys.

Shell ovate, convex, brown, entire, three-keeled ; keels
continuous, yellow, lateral ones arched ; vertebral shield
broad ; marginal plates very broad ; sternum flat, keeled
on the sides, brown, with a pale streak on each side. Head
red spotted and streaked ; feet brown ; toes scarcely
webbed.

Seba, Thes. i. t. 79. f. 12.

Emys Seba, Gray, Syn. Rept. t. 75 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 19.
E. thermalis, Reyneau, in Lesson, Cent. Zool. 89. t. 29.
Emys trijuga?, Eelaart, Prod. F. Zeylan. 1/7.

Hab. Ceylon.

a. Young, in spirits. Ceylon. Mr. Cuming's Collection.

b. Young ; rather older than a. Trincomalee. Presented

by Mr. Edward Gerard.

Shell brown, with three pale keels ; marginal shield with
a linear marginal spot ; under side black, with a broad white
edge un each side of the sternum, and a narrow line in
front. Head black, with symmetrical pale spots on the
crown, face and chin ; a large round white spot behind
the hinder angle of the eyelids, commencing a broad, more
or less interrupted streak on the upper part of the side of
the neck. Feet and legs black, with a few small white
specks on the front of the legs.

*** Back one-heeled ; shields radiately and concentrically
grooved. North America.

4. Greoclemys pulchella. The Engraved Geoclemys.

Shell oblong, depressed, keeled in front, hinder edge
slightly reflexed ; shields radiately and concentrically
grooved, minutely yellow and black dotted, areola small ;
nuchal slender ; sternum yellow, areola posterior, marginal,
black. Animal chestnut-brown.

Emys pulchella, Schweig. Prod. 303 (not Schoepff.).
■ Bum. 4- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 251 ; Cat. M('th. R. 9.
Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 20.
E. scabra, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. iv. 204 (not

Linn.).
Testudo insculpta, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. T. iii. 1 12.
Holbrooh, N. A. Herpet. i. 93. t. 13.
Be Kay, 14. t. 4. f. 8.
Emys speciosa. Bell, MSS. ; in Gray, Syn. 26 (var. shield
smooth).

Holbrooh, N. A. Herpet. iii. 17. t. 2.
E. inscri[)ta, Mps. Par.

E. JNIuhlenbergii, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japan. 56.
Terrapene scabra, Bonap. Obs. Cur. R. A. 157.
"Testudo scabra," Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 351 (not Gmelin
nor Bona]).).

Hab. North America.

a. Adult (stuffed). Female. North America ; Pennsyl-
vania.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

19

Osteology : —

b, c. Skeleton of male and female. Nortb America ; Penn-
sylvania.

The skull subquadrangular ; forehead broad, quite flat,
rather raised over the nostrils ; sides of the head perpen-
dicular, flattened. Nose truncated ; orbits lateral, not in-
terrupting the outline of the forehead ; temples rather con-
tracted behind ; branches of the lower jaw narrow, com-
pressed.

5. Geoclemys Muhlenbergii. The Two-Spotted
Geoclemys.

Shell oval-oblong, smooth, low, slightly keeled, contracted
on the sides ; shields slightly radiately and concentrically
grooved, chestnut, with yellow areola and rays ; nuchal
linear. Head blackish, with two large, irregular, fulvous,
occipital spots.

Emys JIuhlenbergii, Schweh/. Prod. 310.

Grai/, Si/n. 25 ; Cat Tort. B.M. 20.

Bum. ^Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 304 ; Cat. Meth. R. 12.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. i. .59. t. 5 ; ed. 2. i. 45. t. 4.

Be Kay, Zool. xV. York, 17. t. 8. f. 15.
Testudo Muhlenbergii, Schoepff. Test. 132. t. 31.

Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. 205.
Emys biguttata or bipunctata. Say, Journ. Aead. Nat. Sci.

Philad. iv. 205, 212.
Chersina Muhlenbergii, Merrem, Tent. 30.
Terrapene Muhlenbergii, i?ona/j. Obs. Cuv.R.A. 160(1830).

Hab. North America, New Jerseyand East Pennsylvania.

a. Adult (stuffed). North America. From the Zoological
Society.

Schlegel regards Testudo inscuJpta, Leconte, E. speciosa,
Bell, as a variety of this species ! — Fauna Japonica.

**** Back not keeled, depressed ; shields thin, spotted.
North America.

6. Geoclemys ^ttata. The Speckled Geoclemys.

Shell ovate, depressed, dilated behind ; shields smooth,
black-brown with round yellow spots ; nuchal linear ; ster-
num yellow, brown-varied. Head yellow-spotted ; throat
yellow-lined.

Emys guttata, Schweig. Prod. 309, 433.

Gray, Syn. 26 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 26.

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 295 ; Cat. Meth. R. 12.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii. 25. t. 4 ; ed. 2. i. 81 . t. 1 1 .

Be Kay, Zool. New York, 13. t. 6. f. 12.
Testudo guttata, Bechst. in Lact'p. Q. O. i. 310.

Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 10.
T. punctata, Schneid. Schildk. 30 ; Berlin Naturf. x. 264.

Baud. R. ii. 159. t. 22.

Latr. Rept. i. 1 W.

Testudo punctata, Schoejjjf. Test. t. 5.

Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 117.
T. anonyma, Schneid. Schildk. 30.

Gothw. Schildk. f. 15.
T. terrestris amboiuensis, Seba, i. t. 80. f. 7.
Terrapene punctata, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 159 (1830).
Cyclemys punctata, Tf'ayler, Syst. 137. t. 5. f. 6, 7.
Emys punctata, Merrem, Amph. 24.

Say, Journ. Acad. Philad. iv. 205, 212.

Harlan, A. H. 77.

Hab. North America.

a. Adult (stuffed). Presented by Henry Doubleday, Esq.

b. Adult (animal dry). Spots on back few and large.

North America.

c. Adult (stuffed). Broad, depressed; spots few, large.

North America.

d. Adult (stuffed) . Body narrower, higher ; spots nume-

rous. North America.

e. Adidt (in spirits).

f,ff& h. Adult (in spirits). North America. Presented
by Dr. J. E. Gray.

Osteology : —

/. Skeleton of adult. North America. From the Paris
Collection.

Forehead flattened, rather rounded in front over the
nose ; nose truncated ; cheeks perpendicular ; orbits lateral ;
temples nearly parallel, scarcely contracted behind ; lower
jaw narrow.

5. EMYS.

Head moderate, covered with a thin hard skin, oblong ;
forehead convex. Eyes subsuperior. The branches of the
lower jaw narrow, rounded beneath, and covered with the
hind part of the horny beak. Chin not bearded. Fore
legs covered with broad lunate scales in front. Toes short,
strong, shielded above, webbed to the claws. Claws 5 • 4,
curved. Tail moderate. Shell depressed. Sternum solid,
broad, truncated before, nicked behind, affixed to the thorax
by a bou}' symphysis, covered by the ends of the pectoral
and abdominal plates ; axillary and inguinal plates mode-
rate, distinct.

Emys, sp., Brongniart.

Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 270 (1822).

Gray, Syn. Rept. ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 15.

IVieyni. S,- Ruthe, Handb. 166.

Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 515 (1828).

Bum. S,- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 230 ; Cat. Meth. R. 8.
Emys § 2, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 210 (1825).
Clemmys, TT'agler.

Fife. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
Terrapene, Bonap. Obs. Rig. Anim. 153(1830).

E 2

20

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Synopsis of Sections.

* Back three-keeled J vertebral plates elongate, subtrigonal.
Asiatic.

** BacJc three-keeled; vertebral plates broad, square. Asiatic.

*** Back more or less one-keeled, often becoming keelless. Old
and New Worlds.

* Back three-keeled; vertebral plates elongate, subtrigonal ;
areola of discal shields tvith a narrow longitudinal
ridge ; hinder edge suhdentate or entire. Asiatic.

1. Emys crassicoUis. The Thick-necked Emys.

Shell ovate, oblong, rather convex, black, slightly three-
keeled ; keels close ; vertebral plates elongate, six-sided ;
sides revolute, hinder edge serrated ; sternum flat, pale,
and keeled on the sides. Head and neck thick, black.

Emys crassicoUis, Bell, MSS. in Grai/, Sijn. 21. t. 7. f. 3 ;
I'llust. hul. Zool. t. 9. f. 2 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. IG.

Bum. i^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 325 ; Cat. Meth. R. 14.

Cantor, Cat. 3.
E. Spengleri, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 51.

Ilab. Sumatra and Pinang (Cantor, Cat. 3) ; Batavia,
Java {Quoy) ; Borneo {Schlegel).

b. Animal and shell (half-grown; in spirits). Sumatra.

From the Leyden Museum.

c. Adult (stuffed). Keels on sides of sternum yellow.

India.

d. Adult (stuffed). Sternum uniform black. India.

e. Half-grown (in spirits). Shell brown, having a bronzed

appearance ; vertebral jjlates distorted. Head brown,
with a white spot over and rather before each eye, on
the side of the chin, and on each side of the nape,
surrounding the back edge of the tympanum, and in-
distinctly continued across the throat ; a small white
streak on the middle of the black tympanum. Su-
matra. Mr. Bartlett's Collection.

Osteology : —

a. Shell only ; A\ inches long. Sumatra. Presented by
Thomas Bell, Esq.

/. Adult shell (very old). Ceylon. Presented by Dr.
Kelaart.

Fore legs with large, irregular, transverse plates on the
inner side of the front, and a row of large, triangular, com-
pressed, keeled scales on the outer. Toes short, strong,
with a series of band-like scales above ; webs scaly. Hind
legs granular, with a few large scales on the outer, and
small close ones on the inner margin.

"They are numerous in Pinang, inhabiting rivulets and
ponds in the valleys. The throat is whitish, and a small
white spot appears on each side of the occiput ; the verte-
bral keels and the lateral spines become obhterated with

age. It feeds ou frogs, and also upon shell-fish and animal
offal, and is often taken by the angler with the hook." —
Cantor.

M. Schlegel could never have observed Nicoria Spen-
gleri, or he would not have confounded it with this species.

** Back three-keeled ; vertebral plates broad, square.
Asiatic.

2. Emys trijuga. The Three-keeled Emys. Tab. IV.

Shell convex, oval, brown, three-keeled ; keels rather in-
terrupted ; margin slightly toothed ; shields rugose, areola
marginal, posterior, rugose ; first vertebral plate five-sided,
keeled, rather narrower behind ; others six-sided, rather
longer than broad ; sternum rather convex on the sides,
blackish. Head brown, with a yellow streak over each eye ;
beaks yellow-varied.

Emys trijuga, Schweig. Prod. 310.

" Dum.\ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 310 ; Cat. Meth. R. 15.
Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 16.
E. Belangeri, Lesson, Voij. Ind. 291, young.
Testudo scabra, Shaw, Zool. iii. 55, from Seba, i. 1 26. t. 79.
f. 1, 2.

Hub. India ; Pondicherry ; Malabar ; Bengal ; ponds at
Calcutta.

a. Adult (animal and shell). Under side of marginal

shield and edge of sternum 3ellow ; dorsal keels black.
Compared with the specimens iu the Paris ^luseuni.
Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

Osteology. Tab. XXXVIl. f. 2, skulls.

c. Adult skeleton. Margin of shell revolute. Head
narrow, rather small (a female?). From the Leyden
Collection.

" Emys subtrijuga, Mies. Leyden."

b. Adult skeleton. Under side of margin and edge of ster-

num black ; dorsal keels yellow ; margin of shell not
revolute. Head broad, large ; forehead rather convex,
(a male?). India. From the Vienna Museum.

" Emvs Hermanni," Schw. ? Mus. Vienna.

Skull depressed ; forehead flat, rather convex over the
orbits ; sides of the face slightly shelving ; cheeks and
temples rather convex ; orbits large, sUghtly intruding on
the outline of the forehead.

3. Emys nigricans. The Blackish Emys. Tab. VI.

Shell ovate, oblong, rather convex, revolute on the sides
and slightly toothed behind, brown, shghtly three-keeled,
the central keel prominent, blunt, interrupted in front and
contiimed behind, the lateral keels far apart, indistinct

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

21

and interrupted ; shield radiately striated, blackish-rayed ;
areola of vertebral plates posterior, marginal, of costal
plates superior, submarginal ; nuchal plate none ; margin
yellow-spotted beneath ; sternum convex, rounded on the
■side ; axillar}- plate moderate, inguinal large. Animal
black ; neck with three or four yellow lines on the side ;
chin and throat yellow, black-varied.

Emys nigricans. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834; Cat. Tort.
B.M. 18.

Hab. Chiua.

c. Adult (stuffed). China ? From the Zoological Society.

a. Young animal (dry, from spirits) ; 2^ inches long.

China ; Canton. Presented by the Hon. East India
Company. From Dr. Cantor's Collection.
Emys mutica. Cantor, Ann. Nat. Hist. 1842 ; Grai/, Cat.
tort. B.M. 18.

Osteology : —

b. Shell and head (dry), margin broken ; 2\ inches. China.

Presented by J. R. Reeves, Esq.

Dr. Cantor's specimens of E. mutica only differ from the
larger specimen in the Museum in the plates being worn.

Head of the dry specimen uniform brown, showing no
appearance of any pale marks. Forehead rather convex.
Eyes subsuperior.

The head covered with a thin skin ; neck granular ; the
fore legs with two series of broad band-like shields on the
inner and a series of narrower longer shields on the outer
side. Toes covered with scales with a broad web, and
with three or four band-like scales above near the claws.
Claws black, curved ; the hinder stronger. Allied to the
genus Batagur.

4. Emys sinensis. The Chinese Emys.
Shell ovate, convex, slightly three-keeled, olive, black-
speckled ; shields smooth, with a central orange streak ;
vertebral shields broad, six-sided, first narrowest, as long as
broad ; areola of vertebral plates ])osterior, marginal, of
costal subcentral, subposterior ; margin entire, rather revo-
lute in front, and expanded over the leg behind, beneath
yellow, with an oval, rather posterior, black-edged olive
spot ; sternum high, slightly keeled on the sides. Head
and neck olive, with narrow yellow lines.

Emys sinensis. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834 ; Cat. Tort.
B.M. 17.
Hab. China ; Canton.

a. Adult (stuffed) ; 4 inches long. China. Presented by
John Reeves, Esq.

Toes broadly webbed. Head elongate ; forehead rather
convex ; eyes subsuperior.

*** Back more or less one-keeled, often becoming keelless ;
areola of costal plates simple; hinder edge entire or
nearly so.

t Asiatic.

5. Emys Thurgii. The Thurgi.
Shell oblong, rather convex, olive-brown ; margin yellow-
ish, rather toothed behind ; vertebral plates, first quadrate,
broader behind, second and third broad, six-sided ; sternum
olive, sUghtly keeled on the sides. Head olive, with a broad
yellow band from the nostrils, over the eyebrows, along the
side of the neck ; feet oUve, yellow-spotted.

Emys Thurgii, Gray, Syn. 22. 72; Cat. Tort. B.M. 17.
Bum. |- Bib. Erp. Gere. ii. 318 ; Cat. Meth. R. 14.
Testudo Thurgii, B. Hamilton, MSS. cop. Gray, Illust.

hid. Zool. t.
Emys flavo-nigra. Lesson, Bull. Sci. xxv. 12, and Belanger,

toy. 22.
E. Spengleri, var., ScMegel, Faun. Japan. 51.

Hab. India, Bengal ; Pinang (Cawdor).

a. Adult (stuffed) ; 13 mches. Blackish-brown ; under

side of marginal plate yellow-edged. India, Bengal.
From yi. Picquot's Collection.

b. Young (dry) ; .5 inches. Shell keeled ; the hinder edge

of the second and third vertebral jilates subnodose ;
the middle of the vertebral and the upper part of the
lateral costal shields and the hinder costal shield black-
ish ; the marginal shields pale-edged. India, Bengal.

M. Schlegel also refers this species, which he has not
seen, to Geoemyda Spengleri. It has not the shghtest
affinity to it, and is ten times the size !

The head ovate ; forehead rather convex ; eyes rather
close together, subsuperior ; front of legs with broad lunate
scales. Toes broadly webbed.

6. Emys BeaUi. Beale's Emys. Tab. VIII.

Shell ovate, oblong, solid, rather convex, olive, black-
dotted ; back slightly contracted and keeled behind, hinder
edge rather expanded, entire ; vertebral shields transverse,
six-sided ; sternum rather paler, black-spotted and lined.
Head yellowish, black-spotted ; chin and cheek yellow-
marked ; occiput with two large eyed spots ; neck scarlet-
lined, with three broader distant streaks on the upper side.

Emys Bealii, Gray, P/-oc.2oo/. Soc. 1834; Cat.Torf.B.M.XT.

Bum. S,- Bib. Erp. Gm. ii. 325 ; Cat. Mtth. /J. 14.
Cistudo? Bealii, Gray, Syn. 71.
Hab. China (Reeves).

22

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

a. Adult (stuffed). Under sides with hard dark blotches.

China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq.

Osteology : —

b. Adult shell. Under sides brown dotted and lined.

China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq.

Head moderate ; forehead nearly flat ; eyes sublateral.
The fore legs with a single series of very broad lunate thin
scales. Toes broadly webbed ; claws narrow, elongate.

7. Emys Bennettii. Bennett's Emys. Tab. X.

Shell oblong, rather convex, bluntly and subtvibercularly
keeled, expanded and entire behind ; shields dark horn-
colour, concentrically grooved, with a broad blackish edge ;
the vertebral shields as broad as long ; first squarish, five-
sided, convex ; second, third and fourth six-sided, blunt,
keeled on the hinder half; fifth rounded in front, three-
sided behind, nuchal plate oblong ; beneath yellow, with
the middle of the sternal plates, all but the edge of the
axillary and inguinal plates, and a very large spot rather
nearer the hinder edge of the marginal shields, black.
Animal olive. Head with symmetrical, narrow, dark-edged,
curved lines on the crown ; temples w ith several narrow
dark-edged longitudmal streaks ; neck with numerous
narrow yellow lines. Legs yellow-lined.

Emys Bennettii, Gray, Desc. Bept. Cat. (ined.) 13. n. 32 ;
Cat. Tort. B.M. 21.

Hub. China?

a. Stuffed (adult). China? From the Zoological Gardens.

b. Adult (stuffed) . Plate worn and discoloured from having

been kept in confinement. China? From the Gardens
of the Zoological Society.

8, Emys Japonica. The Isigame.

Shell oblong (when young suborbicular, strongly denti-
culated behind), ochraceous yellow above, black beneath ;
shield concentrically striated, becoming smooth ; vertebral
shields broad, six-sided. Temples black-lined ; upper jaw
not nicked.

Emys Japonica, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 19.

Bum. Cat. M>'ih. R. 8.
E. palustris, var. Japoraca, Schleffel,Faun.Japon. t.8. f. 1—4

young, t. 9 adult.
E. vulgaris, var. Japonica, Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 53 ; Ah-

bild. N. Amph. 127. t. 42.

Hab. Japan.

a & b. In spirits (adult and half-grown). Japan. From
the Leyden Museum.

The younger specimen is like F. Caspica, but more de-
pressed and paler above, and the areolas of the costal plates
are rather more central.

ff European or North African.
9. Emys Caspica. The Caspian Emys.

Shell ovate, oblong, depressed, olive, with black-edged
yellow netted lines ; shields flat, vertebral broad, six-sided ;
sternum flat, black and yellow varied. Head, neck and
feet yellow-lined.

Testudo Caspica, Gmel. Reise, iii. 59. t. 10, 11 ; Syst. Nat.

i. 1042.
Emys Caspica, Schweiy. Prod. 298.

Bum. S,- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 235 ; Cat. Meth. R. 8.

Eic/iic. Faun. Casp. Caus. 45. t. 3, 4.

Grai/, Cat. Tort. B.M. 19.

Wa'yler, Sijst. t. 5. f. 1-3; Amph. t. 24.
Emys lutraria, var. i, Merrem, Tent. 25.
E. Syriaca, Licht. Berl. Mus.
E. vulgaris, Gray, Syn. 24.

Schlegel, Faun. Japan. 53.
E. palustris v. Dalmatica, Schlegel, Faun. Japon. t. 8. f. 4.
E. Sigritzii, Michahelles, Isis, 1829, 1295.
E. Sigritz, Bum. Sr Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 240; Cat. Meth. R. 9.
E. lutraria. Bell. Test. t. 1, 2.

Gray, Griffith's A. K. t.
E. leprosa, Schweig. Prod. 298.
E. marmorea, Spi.e, Bras. 13. t. 10.

Gray, Syn. 28.

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 248 ; Cat. Meth. R. 9.
E. rivulata, Valenc. Zool. Morea, t. 9. f. 2, 3.
? E. Iberica, Valenc. Zool. Morea, t. 9. f. 1 ?
E. Europrea, Eichw. Zool. Spec. iii. 196.
E. Caspia, Eichw. Zool. Sjiec. iii. 196.
Clemmys Caspica, JVagler, Syst. 137. t. 5. f. 1-5; Icon.
Amph. t. 24.

Fitc. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
Testudo Graeca, Pallas, Z. R. A. iii. 17.

Hab. Border of Caspian Sea ; Morea ; Isle of Crete ;
Sicily ; Algiers ; Spain.

c. Adult (stuffed) ; 6^ inches. South Europe.

d. Adult (stuffed). Shell and sternum pale, worn. Sicily.

Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

g. Adult (stuffed). Shell all black ; edge of nuchal shield
elongate. From the Zoological Society's Gardens.

h, i. Young (in spirits). Back with three interrupted
keels, formed by a dark-edged, pale, oblong tubercle
on the centre of the areola of the costal shields ; ster-
num black, pale-edged; beak, temple and neck white-
lined, with a round white spot over the middle of the
tympiunm. North Africa. Mr. Eraser's Collection.

j. Young (in spirits), like h. Algiers. Presented by John
Doubleday, Esq.

/■. Young (in spirits). Asia Minor. Presented by A.

Christie, Esq.
Emys Pannonica, Michahelles.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

23

/. Young (in spirits). Upper margin with a large pale
ring, and lower with two black spots on each ring.
Banks of the Euphrates.

m. Young (in spirits). Marginal plates with a subcentral
black-edged pale band above, and a largo square sutural
spot beneath, sometimes separated into a twin spot
divided at the suture. Xanthus. I'resented by Sir
Charles Fellows.

Osteology : —

a. Adult shell; \\ inches. Shell and sternum pale, worn.
Europe. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq.

e, /. Adult skeletons and shell. Claws all elongate ;
sternum black. Mr. Alexander's Collection.

h. Young shell, with three nodulose keels ; sternum black ;
2\ inches. South Europe. Presented bv Dr. J. E.
Gray.

Griffith, d. K.t. .t .

The sternum becomes pale and worn when the animal is
kept in confinement. The front of the fore legs with
several series of broad lunate scales on the inner side, and
two series of large ovate elongate convex scales on the outer
edge. Skull depressed, broad ; forehead flat ; nose trun-
cated ; cheeks nearly perpendicular ; orbits nearly entirely
lateral ; lower jaw narrow.

There is perhaps more than one species combined under
this name, or the pattern of the marks on the young is
subject to considerable variation, which can only be decided
by the study of more specimens than we at present possess.

Mr. Bell observes that the Testudo Eurojxsa is a species
of Terrnpene ; if so, the name of it should be changed, as
it is certainly the Emys of the ancients. — Gray, Ann. Phil.
1825.

ttt African.

10. Emys laticeps. The Gambian Terrapen.
Tab. IX.

Shell pale olive, yellowish beneath ; sides rounded ;
hinder lateral margin rather expanded and recurved ; binder
end rather compressed above; plates thin, transparent, in-
ferior plates with a narrow black edge. Head large, short,
broad, covered with a smooth skin ; fore legs and neck with
very narrow yellow lines when alive.

Emvs laticeps, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1853 ; Ann. ^- Mog.
Nat. Ilist. 1855, xv. 68.

Hab. AVest Africa; Gambia.

a, b, c, (1, e. Adult. West Africa. Mr. Castany's Col-
lection.

Eyes sublateral, near end of nose. Feet broadly webbed.

The front of the large legs with two series of broad square
scales on the inner, and two or three series of larger, more
oblong scales on the outer edge.

Somewhat like E. olivacea, but the shell is more convex ;
and the vertebrae, as seen through the plates, are consider-
ably wider.

What is Emys Bonensis, Schlegel, in Mailer, Verhand. ?

11. Emys ocxilifera. The Eyed Emys.
Shell (very young) hemispherical, strongly toothed be-
hind ; shields elevated, furrowed, granulated, grooved, each
two connected longitudinally by a largish round black spot,
and horizontally by a largish black circle, consequently
each displaying two half-eyes, and anteriorly and poste-
riorly two half-spots ; margin with a spot on each suture,
the points of which correspond with the spot on the
costal shield ; sternum yellow, with dark brown spots and
streaks.

Emys oculifera, Gray, Syn. 22 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 28.
Testudo oculifera, Kuhl, Beitr. 77.

Hah. South Africa; Cape of Good Hope ? Mus. Berlin.

tttt North American.

Several of the American Terrapenes have the claws of
the front feet much elongated, especially the three central
ones ; but this does not appear to be a permanent character ;
for it is found in some specimens, and not in others of the
same species.

It may be observed, that the North American species of
this genus require to be revised and accurately compared,
as their present descriptions and the figures which have
hitherto been published of them are often very unsatis-
factory.

* The dorsal shields variegated or ringed; the marginal
shields tcith two half rings, the centre being on the suture.

§ The dorsal {vertebral and costal) shields with a single
concentric set of rings or spots on each.

§§ The costal shield ivith a subcentral, transverse, pale
streak, surrounded with irregular dark lines.

§§§ The costal shield with a single, subcentral, forked, pale,
transverse, irregular streak,

** The dorsal shields variegated or ringed; the marginal shield
with a single spot or ring, with the centre on its hinder
edge.

*** Back uniform.

24

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

* The dorsal shields variegated or ringed ; the marginal
shields ivith two half rings, the centre of the ring
being on the suture.

The system of colouring is most distinct in the young
shell ; and as the animal grows, the position of the centres
of the concentric rings or spots is considerably altered ; thus
the spot which is central in the very young animal becomes
more and more lateral as regards the shield it is under, as
the animal increases in size. To define a species properly,
it should be examined, compared, and described in all its
stages of growth, wliich has as yet been the case with very
few of the American Emydes.

There are sometimes one and sometimes two centres
of the spots or concentric rings under each of the dorsal
shields ; but, in general, the centres of the spots in the mar-
gin are placed on or near the suture between two marginal
shields, so that a part of the same spots or set of rings is
on two neighbourmg shields.

The colouring matter which forms the spots or varie-
gations on the shell, is situated in the skin under the
shields. The marks are much more defined and regular
in the young animal, and more distinct in the skin when
the shields are removed, than when seen through the thicker
shields of the older animal. The colouring matter appears
to be much influenced by the health of the animal ; for
specimens which are well marked often become less
marked and almost uniformly coloured in confinement,
rendering the distinction of specimens of shells which have
died in confinement very difficult ; and in many cases the
sternal shields themselves become thinner, and at length
carious, which at once shows that the shell is in a diseased
state, and should not be considered in its normal state of
colouring.

§ The dorsal {vertebral and costal) shields with a single
spot or concentric series of rings on each. Sternum
yellow, with a large, irregular, but defined dark
blotch on the central line.

12. Emys ornata. The Beautiful Emys. Tab. XII.

Shell oblongs longitudinally rugose, olive ; vertebral
shields irregularly ringed ; first four-sided, second and third
rather long, six-sided ; costal shields with black-edged pale
rings round a brown spot rather below the centre ; marginal
shield with concentric pale rings round a posterior sutural
spot ; beneath yellow, with round ringed spots on the
suture of the marginal plates, and with a dark-edged, irre-
gular, greenish line down the centre of the sternum, and a
double one the whole length of the sterno-costal symphysis.

Head, neck and beak with broad and naiTow vellow
streaks.

Emys omata. Bell, MSS.

Gray, Syn. 30 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 22 ; Beechey, Foy. t.
Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 286 (not Synon.).

Hub. N.W. coast of America ; New Orleans, Mexico,
Tampico, Yucatan.

a. Half-grown (stuffed). Tropical America.

j. Adult (stufl^ed). America. From the Zoological So-
ciety's Gardens. Tab. XII.

I. Adult (stuffed). Costal shields longitudinally furrowed ;
dark-coloured rings indistinct. Mexico.

m. Adult (stuffed). America. From the Zoological So-
ciety.

k. Half-grown (stuffed). The nuchal streak on one side
interrupted. Mexico.

i. Half-grown animal (dry). Plates radiately striated.
West Indies? Mr. Scrivener's Collection.

A. Young (stuffed). Plates radiately striated. Mexico?

d & e. Very young (in spirits). Areola of vertebral plates
with a posterior central spot and lateral streak ; costal
with a central spot rather below the centre, surrounded
with three or four regular rings ; marginal plates ^\'ith
a spot on hinder margin, and rings in front of it. Head
yellow-lined, with two broader lines on side of head.
Mazatlan. Presented by Alexander Collie, Esq., R.N.

f. Very young (in spirits). Exactly like d and e. "New

Orleans." (?) From Mus. Paris.

" Emys concinna, Tiumeril." Mus. Paris.

g. Very young (in spirits). Mexico,
c & n. Very young (dry). Mexico.

Osteology : —

b. Adult (shell onlv). Tropical America. Presented by

Dr. J. E. Gray.

13. Emys venusta. The Charming Emys.
Tab. XII. a.

Shell oblong, longitudinally subrugose, olive ; vertebral
plates with irregular-shaped, concentric, pale rings, the
costal vrith more regular, concentric, pale rings round a
brown spot, which is rather above the centre ; marginal
shield with concentric rings round a posterior sutural spot.
Beneath yellow, with round dark s])ots on the suture of the
marginal spots, and darker-edged, irregular, greenish lines
on the central and other sutures of the plates, and a double
line on the sterno-costal symphysis. Head, neck and beak
with broad and narrow yellow streaks.

Hub. Southern States of America ; Honduras (D?/«o«).

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

25

a. Adult (stuffed). Shields smooth, polished; dark rings
well marked. America.

f. Adult (stuffed). Shields smoothish ; sternal bands in-

distinct. Honduras. Mr. Dyson's Collection.

g. Adult (stuffed). Shields radiately striated and concen-

trically grooved ; sternal hands indistinct. North
America. Gardens of the Zoological Society.

h. Adult (stuffed). Back very dark blackish-brown ; shields
rugose ; rings and sternal bands indistinct from me-
lanism. Mexico. Mr. Warwick's Collection.

e. Half-grown. Shields smooth ; rings concentric, regular ;
sternal bands obliterated. Honduras. Mr. Dyson's
Collection.

Osteology : —

b. Adult (shell only). Shields rather smooth ; dark spots

very distinct.

c. Half-grown (shell only) . Shields nearly smooth ; sternal

bands distinct.

d. Adult (shell only). Shields rather furrowed; sternal

bands distinct.

This species chiefly differs from E. ornata in the rings
on the shields being more regular, and in the dark spot of
the nucleus of the shield being higher up in the costal
shields. The sternal bands are generally more or less
obUterated in the specimens which have been in confine-
ment.

14. Emys callirostris. The Beautiful Beaked Emys.
Tab. XII. 6.

Shell oblong, very similar in markings to E. ornata and
E. venusfa, but the pale rings are narrower, fewer, and in
the anterior costal the outer one extends from the upper to
the lower outer margin, and the pale rings on the marginal
plates are narrower. The head and neck have crowded,
narrow, yellow lines, forming symmetrical rings on the
throat. Sternum yellow, nearly covered with dark-edged,
concentric, irregular bands. Beak with beautiful symme-
trical spots, surrounded with concentric black lines.

Hah. America.

a. Half-grown (stuffed). America. Presented by the
Haslar Hospital.

15. Emys pulcherrimus. The Dotted Emys.
Tab. XXV. fig. 12.

Shell (very yomig) oblong, broad, rather convex, con-
vexly keeled, smooth ; pale brown (when dry), with a round,
pale-eyed, dark, subcentral spot, and a curved, dark-edged,
pale band below, and a more indistinct one above the spot

on each of the costal plates. Vertebral shield broad, six-
sided . Sternum yellow, with a broad, irregular-edged, black,
central, longitudinal band, varied with yellow in front, and
vrith a broad black streak on each side near the end of the
sternal plates ; margins black-dotted beneath, with a large
black ring on the middle of each plate. Head brown above,
with three narrow pale streaks, one on the centre, and the
others over each orbit ; the upper part of the neck with seven
longitudinal streaks, edged with a series of minute black
dots ; sides of neck, throat and feet minutely black-dotted,
forming tortuous pale lines on the front of the legs.
Ilab. Mexico.

a. Stuffed. Young shields very thin, smooth, nearly trans-
parent. Mexico.

§§ The costal shield with a subcentral, transverse, pale
streak, ivith more or less irregular, parallel, dark
ohlong rings on each side. Sternum spotted.

The front dark lines in the first or anterior costal some-
times unite, forming spots, which are symmetrical on the
two sides of the animal ; the first, second and third ver-
tebral shields have an arched pale band, with parallel
darker streaks ; and the fourth and fifth vertebral have
an arched longitudinal band on each side, with parallel or
concentric darker bands on each side of it. These bands
are only to be distinctly observed in young well-marked
specimens.

16. Emys HolbrooMi. Holbrook's Emys.
Tab. XV. fig. 1 .

Shell oblong, rather convex, scarcely keeled, longitudi-
nally rugose, pale, each shield with two oblong concentric
rings, those of the vertebral plates longitudinal, of all the
costal transverse ; marginal plates each occupied with two
semiovate spots, formed of concentric rings. Sternum
yellow, with a large black spot on each shield, and with
two large oblong spots of irregular concentric rings along
each sterno-costal suture ; nuchal plate elongate ; first ver-
tebral square, rather longer than broad, others wide, six-
sided. The head, beak, neck and feet yellow-lined ; temple
with a large, broad, oblong streak from the back of the
orbit along the sides of the neck.

Emys Holbrookii, Grag, Cat. Tort. B.M. 23.
Emys C/umberlandensis, Holhrook, N. A. Herpet. ed. 2. i.
115. t. 18.

Bum. Cat. Rept. 31. H.N. 13 (1851)-

Hah. North America ; Cumberland River ; Louisiana.

b. Adult (stuffed). Sternal spots large, diffused. North
America. M. Parzudaki's Collection.

26

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

h. Adult (stuffed). Sternum black-spotted. Louisiana.
Mr. W. Smith's Collection.

g. Half-grown (in spirits). Sternal spots large, solid, dif-
fused, the hinder subconfluent. North America. Mr.
Brandt's Collection.

E. serrata, Brandt.

c. Half-grovra (in spirits) . Three middle front claws elon-

gate ; sternal spots round, solid ; band on the symphy-
sis solid, black, interrupted in front. North America,
Ohio. From the Leyden Museum.
E. serrata, Mus. Leyden.

d. Half-grown (stuffed). Spots on sternum solid, distinct,

very like " e." North America, Louisiana. Mr.
Smith's Collection.

e. Young (in spirits) . Sternal spots annular, distinct only

where the plate is deficient. New Orleans.

/. Very young (in spirits). Sternal spots annular, brown,
with a double marginal dark ring on the edge of the
gular and the middle of the other plates.

Emys sanguinolenta, Gray, MSS. Tab. XV. fig. 1.

? Emys Kuhlii, Gray, Syn. Test. 73 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 28.

Osteology : —

a. Half-grown shell Sternal spots subannular. North
America, Louisiana. From Mr. J. Drummond's Col-
lection.

Emys Holbrookii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 23.

This species is very like E. scripta, but there is a distinct
pale streak on the fourth or hinder costal shield, as well as
on the others, while in E. scripta there is only a single dark
spot on the hinder margin of that plate, surrounded with a
single series of arched, dark, concentric lines ; the form of
the streaks on the neck and the extension of the dark
marks on the stemo-costal symphysis are also permanent
distinctions.

17. Emys scripta. The Lettered Em\s.

Shell oblong, longitudinally rugose, keeled, toothed be-
hind, brown, irregularly yellow-ringed, and with irregular
yellow streaks on the sides, forming two oblong rings on
the first, second, third and fourth costal plate, and concen-
tric rings round a posterior dark spot on the front costal
shield ; nuchal shield linear, porrect ; vertebral shields
bluntly keeled, first urceolate, fourth and fifth sLx-sided ;
imder margin with a black spot on the back edge of each
plate. Sternum yellowish, black-sj>otted, with a spot on
each end of the sterno-costal symphysis. Head, beak, neck
and feet yellow-lined, the central frontal line distinct ; the
temple with a large pale spot.

Emvs scripta, Merrem, Tent. 2-1.

' Gray, Syn. 29 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 23.

Testudo scripta, Schoepff. Test. 16. t. 3. f. 4, 5.

Shatv, Zool. t. 12.

Baud. Kept. ii. 140.
Emys scripta, Schweigger, Prod. 297.

Merrem, Tent. 24.
T. serrata. Baud. Kept. ii. 148. t. 21. f. 1, 2.

Schoepf. Test. t. 3. f. 5.

Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 105.
Emys serrata, Schweigger, Prod. 301.

Merrem, Tent. 26.

Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. T. iii. 105.

Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 267 ; Cat. Meth. R. 10.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. i. 49. t. 5 ; i. 31. t. 5.
Testudo rugosa, var., Shaw, Zool. iii. 29.
Terrapene scripta, Bonap. Obs. Rig. Anim. 155 (1830).

Hab. North America ; New York. Near the coast from
Virginia to Georgia. Sold in the markets of Charleston as
the " yellow-bellied Terrapen : flesh good." — Holbrook.

A large species ; shell often 12 or 14 inches long.

Far. 1 . Temple with a large square yellow spot at the back
of the orbit. Sternum pale, with a solid spot on each
gular, axillary, inguinal and marginal shield.

E. scripta.

b. Young ; 4 inches. Front claws short ; stemal spot
solid. North America. Presented by Major-General
Thomas Hardwicke.

Var. 2. Temple with a large square spot at the back of
the orbit. Sternum pale, with regular subceutral
black rings on each sternal plate.

e. Half-grown (stuffed). Three middle front claws elon-
gate ; sternum, lower margin with large black rings.
North America.

Far. 3. Temple with a large, broad, erect streak behind
the eye, and a large triangular spot over the tympa-
num. Sternum pale, with a round solid spot on each
gular, axillary, inguinal and marginal plate.

/. Young (in spirits). Green. North America. Presented
by the Zoological Society.

Var. 4. Temple with a large, broad, oblong streak from the
back of the orbit along side of neck. Sternum with a
large solid spot on most of the sternal and on each
marginal, axillary and inguinal plate.

a. Adult (stuffed). Three middle front claws moderate,
broken ; sternum with a solid black spot on each gular,
axillary, inguinal and marginal plate, and on one or
two of the other sternal plates.

Var. 5. Head and neck streaks very indistinct. Sternum
black speckled, with a large irregular spot ou each

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

27

shield, three on each abdominal plate (when the horny
shields are removed, only concentric rings are seen).

a. Adult animal and shell (in spirits). North America ;

Cumberland River. From the Leyden Museum.
" E. Troostii," Mus. Leyden.

The indistinctness of the streak on this animal and marks
on the shell may arise from the muddiness of the river, for
the specimen was covered in several places with a coat of
mud. The peculiar disposition of the colouring is to be
seen when the shields of the back are removed from tlie
skin. It may not be E. Troosfn of Holbrook, which is
said to be a very depressed species. See No. 23.

18. Emys Floridana. The Florida Emys.
Shell oval, gibbous, longitudinally rugose, slightly cari-
nated and entire behind, dark brown, with irregular yellow
lines ; nuchal shield triangular, beneath yellow, with a half
black spot on each edge of the marginal plate above and
below ; jaws toothless ; first vertebral urceolate, second and
third hexagonal ; plates olive, with several irregular black
streaks, longitudinal on the vertebral and transverse on the
costal plates. Sternum yellow. Head and neck dark olive,
with two pale streaks for each eye, and two on each side of
the neck below, the upper one with a branch to the eyes,
the inferior pair united together in front of the throat with
a single streak to the chin.

Emys Floridana, Bum. ^-Bib.Erj). Gen. ii. 285; Cat.Meth.
R. 12.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii. 47. t. 8 ; ed. 2. i. 65. t 8
Gra;/, Cat. Tort. B.M. 20.
Testudo Floridana, Lecoitte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 100.
Terrapene floridana, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 154.

Hub. North America ; East Florida ; St. John's River.

A large species, with the shell often 15 or 16 inches
in length ; it seems to take the place of E. scripta in
Florida.

19. Emys annulifera. The Ringed TerrapexX.
Shell (very young) oblong, with three series of oblong
irregular rings on the vertebral plate ; a broad subcentral
and some narrower pale lines on each costal plate, as in E.
scripta and E. maculata. Sternum pale, with some oblong
brown spots on the suture of the shield, and a round spol
on the centre of each pectoral shield. Head pale-lined, as

in E. scripta, but witliout the broad spot or nuchal band of

that species.

Emys annulifera. Gray, Syn. Rept. 32 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 28,
Hab. ?

a. Very young (in spirits).

§§§ Three spots or sets of rings on each of the costal
2)lates1 leaving a forked pale cross streak.

20. Emys rivulata. The Varied Emys. Tab. XI.

Shell oblong, brown, varied with yellow, with a broad
central depression ; sides longitudinally rugose, hinder edge
rather expanded, simply serrated ; nuchal plate elongate ;
first vertebral plate urceolate ; second and third elongate,
sLx-sided, the costal plates with a subcentral, forked or
branched, horizontal, yellow band ; under side white, varied
with irregular dusky clouds, forming obscure rings on the
marginal plates.

Emys rivulata, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 22.
Hub. North America.

a. Shell only ; 9| inches long. North America?

I describe this species with doubt, as I have only seen a
single shell in its adult state without the animal.

The second and third costal plates with an indistinct
areola in the higher part of the hinder edge, with two di-
verging streaks to the outer margin. The marginal plates
divided by a broad central pale streak, sometimes with an
obscure indication of a pale lunule.

Species icith sutural marginal spot, recpiiring further
examination.

21. Emys reticularia. The Chicken Tortoise.
Shell ovate, gibbous, not keeled, entire, longitudinally
rugose, dusky brown ; costal shield with an equal subsuperior
ring, giving out diverging, sometimes anastomosing pale
lines ; marginal plate with a central transverse pale streak.
Sternum yellow, with a spot on the symphysis and on some
of the sides of the margin. Head and neck dark brown,
with narrow yellow lines ; throat dusky yellow, with three
yellow streaks ; a streak from the nostril extended on the
side of the neck.

Testudo reticularia, Latr. Rept. i. 124.
Emys reticularia, Merrem, Tent. 29.

Gray, Syn. 2/ ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 25.

f2

28

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Testudo reticulata, Bose.

Baud. Kept. ii. 144. t. 22. f. 3.

Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. T. iii. 103.
Emjs reticulata, Sc/iweiff. Prod. 50.

Merrem, Tent. 26.

Say, Journ. Acad. Philad. iv. 204, 109?

Bum. ^- Bih. Erp. Gen. ii. 291 ; Cat. Meth. R. 12.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii. 41 ; ed. 2. i. 59. t. 7.
Terrapene reticulata, Bonap. Ohs. Cuv. R. A. 155 (1830).

Hab. North America, on the coast between North Caro-
lina and Georgia. The flesh is much esteemed.

The shell is about 9 or 1 inches long.

22. Emys Mobilensis. The Mobile Terrapen.

"Shell oval, ecarinate, convex anteriorly, depressed pos-
teriorly, entire in front, emarginate and subserrate behind ;
jaws serrated, inferior furnished with a hook." Length
15 inches.
Emys Mobilensis, Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ed. 2. i. 71 . t. 9.

Hab. North America (Alabama). Greatly esteemed at
Mobile as an article of food.

The figures greatly resemble my E. ventricosa, but the
margin is represented as having sutural spots, which is not
the case with that animal. See No. 25.

23. Emys Troostii. Dr. Troost's Terrapen.
" Shell subrotund, much depressed, ecarinate ; posterior
part of the margin very slightly serrated ; lateral and mar-
ginal plates marked with blotches or lines of horn-colour.
Sternum broad, dirty yellow, each plate with a large blotch
near its centre. Head long, narrow ; upper jaw emargi-
nate, lower jaw furnished with a tooth."

Emys Troostii, Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. i. 123. t. 20.
Hab. N. America (Cumberland River).

Length of shell 8 inches.

I have received an indistinctly marked specimen (evi-
dently from its having lived in a muddy river) of E.
scripta, from the Leydeu Museum, under the above name,
and it is said to come from the Cumberland River ! The
mark on the shell was only to be seen when the homy
plates were removed.

Can this be the shell intended in the above description ?

24. Emys labyrinthica. The Netted Terrapen.
Shell oval, regular ; hinder edge rather sinuous and ele-
vated ; central hue swollen, not keeled, rugose, green, more

or less brown, with a great number of sinuous and twisted
yellow lines. Sternum entire in front, nicked behind, yel-
low. Head rather large ; head and neck yellow streaked ;
lower jaw toothed.

Emys labyrinthica, " Lesueur, MSS.," Bum. Cat. Rept.
Mus.H.N. 13 (1851).

Hab. North America (Wabash River).

What is Emys elegans, Wied, Voy.Amer.Septent.m. 255,
from North America ?

** Borsal shields variegated or ringed; the marginal
shield with a single spot or ring, with the centre on
its hinder margin. The costal shields with a single
pale ring, surrounding the dark areola, giving out
pale streaks from its circumference, diverging {some-
times anastomosing or crossing each other) towards
the margin of the plates.

§ The areola and ring on the hinder upper angle of the
first or front, and the front (?) upper angle of the
other costal plates ; vertebral plates ?

25. Emys ventricosa. The Swollen Terrapen.
Tab. XIV.

Animal

■ ? Shell convex, ventricose, swollen on the

sides of the back, slightly keeled in front, and more sharply
so behind ; margin toothed behind ; the hinder lateral mar-
gin bent up over the legs. Back rugose, blackish-brown,
with some indistinct dark-edged yellow lines diverging from
a squarish ring in the upper angle of the costal shields ;
upper side of the marginal plates with some dark rings
concentrically round the hinder outer margin. The first
vertebra urceolate, about as broad as long ; the second,
third and fourth elongate, six-sided. Sternum convex, pale
yellow, with a narrow dark edge to the plates.

? Emys Mobilensis, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpet. i. 71 . t. 9 ;
u. 53. t. 9 ?

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 25 ?
Bum. Cat. Meth. R. Wl

Hab.

?

a. Adult (shell only).

The sternum may in the perfect specimen be more
distinctly marked, as this example had evidently died in
confinement, as proved by the carious state of the centre
of the sternum. The colour is veiy much suffused in the
hinder part, almost hiding the pattern of the paler marks,
and the central dorsal shields are rubbed and worn, hiding
the pattern in that part of the shell. The swollen form.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

29

the obscure rounded keel on the first, and the sharp keel
on the two hinder vertebral keels, are very peculiar, and
the manner in which the rings are marked on the marginal
plates is unhke any of the other American Etmjdes I have
seen, except E. pseudogeoyraphica and geof/raphica.

The figure of Emys Mobilensis {Holhrook, N. A. Herpet.
i. t. 9) somewhat rejjresents this species, as far as regards
the distribution of the colours of the costal shields (they are
more definite than in our specimen), but the pattern on
the upper and under sides of the marginal shield is entirely
unlike, as the rings or spots are represented as being on
the suture, half the spots being on each shield, as in the
more common form of American Emydes. But in this
respect, Dr. Holbrook's artist is not to be depended on, as
he represents Emys geographica distinctly, and pseudogeo-
graphica indistinctly, as having the rings of the same form,
which authentic specimens show to be an error.

Dr. Holhrook represents the head, neck, throat and feet
of Emys Mobilensis as having broad yellow hues, the two
central throat hues being united near the chin.

§§ The dark areola and ring are in the upper hinder mar-
gin ofthefrst, and gradually lower in the second and
third, so as to be in the lower hinder margin of the
fourth or last costal shield, and on the hinder margin
of all the vertebral plates.

There is generally a smaller dark spot in the centre of
the other rings, formed by the netted lines, as ou the front
lower edge of the first and second costal, and on the sides
of the vertebral plates.

26. Emys geographica. The Geographic Emys.

Shell ovate, convex, smooth, tubercularly keeled in front
and slightly toothed behind, olive-brown, with black-edged
anastomosing pale lines ; first and fifth vertebral plates
broad, five-sided, rest broad, six-sided. Sternum yellow;
shields blackish-edged ; under side of the marginal plates
ohve, with rather concentric, black-edged, broad and narrow
pale lines. Head and feet with numerous yellow lines, and
a triangular yellow streak on each temple.

Emys geographica, Lesueur,Journ.Acad.N.S.Philad.i.S&
t. 5.

Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 108.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 2\.

Bum. ^-Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 256 ; Cat. Meth. R. 9.

Say, Journ. Acad. Philad. iv. 204, 215.

Harlan, liept. "6.

Holhrook, jS\ A. Herpet. i. 99. t. 14.

DeKay, New York, 18. t. 4. f. 7.

E. Lesueurii, Gray, Syn. Rept. 31.

Terrapene geographica, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 156 (1830).
Testudo geographica, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 108.
Emys megacephala, Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. i. 51. t. 3.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 21.
E. geographica. Bum. Cat. Meth. R. 9.

Hab. North America ; New York ; Wabash River ;
Cumberland River; Tennessee (Troost).

a. Half-grown (animal dry, from spirits). Head small.
North America.

Emys Lesueurii, Gray, Syn. Rept. 31.

The Museum specimen is in a bad state ; it chiefly difi'ers
from E. pseudogeograjihica in the keel not being nodose,
the vertebral plates very broad and short, and in the pale
reticulations being finer.

It may be distinct from the E. geographica or mega-
cephala of Holbrook (which is represented by the same
figures) ; and perhajjs it would have been better to retain
for it the name under which I first described it.

Dr. Holbrook represents the head of E. geographica as
large (that may be sexual), with numerous regular green
lines, an oblong elongated spot on each side of the nape,
and an eyed spot on each side of the throat, near the angle
of the mouth.

27. Emys pseudogeogi-aphica. The Sharp-b.^cked
Emys.

Shell elongate-ovate, nicked in front, toothed behind ;
vertebral keel tubercular, very distinct, netted with nume-
rous yellow lines, with a ring surrounding a dark spot on
the hinder edge of the costal and marginal shields, and
three smaller spots on the vertebral plates. Sternum \el-
low, darker clouded, darkest in the young. Head small,
oval, brown, with numerous yellow Unes and a yellow sjiot
on and across each temple.

Emys Lesueurii /3, Gray, Syn. Rept. 31.

Emys, Lesiieur, Mem. Mus. xv. 267 (1827).

Testudo geographica, var., Lesueur, Ann. Lye. N. H. N Y

iii. 110 (1836).
Emys pseudogeographica, Lesueur, MSS.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. i. 103. t. 15 (lines on mar-
ginal plates rugose).

BeKay, 29. t. 2. f 3.
E. geographica, jun.. Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 256.

Holbrook, X. A. Herpet. i. 103. t. 15 (1842).
E. geographica, var., Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M.

Hab. North America ; Wabash Rirer.

a. Adult (stuffed). Neck, temples and lips wiih broaa,
distinct vellow streaks. North America. Presented
by Dr. J. E. Gray.

E. geographica a. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M.

30

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

b. Adult (stuffed). Neck with many very narrow yellow
lines ; temple and frontal streaks narrow ; lips dotted
and lined. North America. M. Parzudaki's Col-
lection.

E. geographica /3, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M.

c&d. Adult (stuffed). Frontal, temporal and labial streaks
distinct, like "a." North America; Louisiana.
Mr. W. Smith's Collection.

e. Adult (large size). Frontal, temporal and labial streaks
narrow, with other parallel narrower lines, somewhat
similar to " c." North America ; Louisiana. Mr.
W. Smith's Collection.

/ & (/. (Half-grown). Back very high, compressed and
shelving, sharply keeled ; frontal and temporal streaks
distinct, moderate ; labial narrow, interrupted. North
America ; Louisiana. Mr. W. Smith's Collection.

Head olive, with a more or less broad yellow streak on
the centre of the cromi, and a converging streak over each
side of the occiput, arising from a broad angular spot on
the temple at the back of the orbit. Neck yellow-streaked.
There are generally some narrow yellow streaks on the
crown and occiput, parallel or concentric with the principal
lines above described, and a curved yellow line on the
upper lip under the orbit, but in one specimen (4) the
upper lip is varied with dots and minute yellow curved
lines.

The figure of Dr. Ilolbrook does not represent the dark
spots of the areola which are so distinct in the stuffed
specimens, and the markings on the marginal plates are
verj' inaccurate.

*** Shell and marffin uniformly coloured. Sternum varie-
gated.

28. Emys olivacea. The Quaker Emys. Tab.

Shell depressed, broad, oblong ; plates very thin, smooth,
transparent ; hinder part of the back bluntly keeled ; verte-
bral plates broad, six-sided ; margin revolute, raised and

expanded over the hinder legs. Beneath ? Sternimi

yellow, with dark-edged variegations on the central line, and
sinuated, subconcentric, dark-edged bands on the front part.
Head small, olive ; forehead flat ; nose very short ; lower
bfak with several pale cross bands in front. Neck and legs
yellowish olive ; fore-legs with one or two broad pale
streaks ; three middle claws of fore feet very long, straight,
subulate.

Hub. N. America?

a. Adult (stuffed). Obtained alive from a dealer at Nantes,
'.vlio said it was from the South of Europe ?

Tropical or South America.

\ Back uniform coloured ; margins and sternum often
variegated ; submarginal rings sutural when present.

29. Emys decussata. The Hicotee.

Shell oblong, bluntly keeled, hinder edge slightly toothed ;
dorsal shields rugulose, irregularly radiately grooved, uni-
form pale brown, beneath yellowish, with obscure subocel-
late spots on the axillary, inguinal, and on the suture of the
marginal plates. Animal greenish ; cheek and throat indi-
stinctly pale lined ; front of the fore legs with a series of
broad transverse shields.

Emys decussata, Bell, Test. t. I .

Gr(>y,Syn.28; inGriffith,A.K.\.; Cat. Tort. B.M.24.

Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 2/9 ; Cat. Meth. R.\\.

Sayra, Cuba Rept. t. 1 .
Testudo serrata. Baud. Rept. (not figure).
Emys serrata, var., Schweig.

Sc/ilegel, Faun. Japan. 58.

Hab. West Indies ; Cuba ; Guadaloupe ; St. Domingo.

a. Half-grown (stuffed). Sternum in a bad state from
confinement in a menagerie. West India Islands.
Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

j. Adult (stuffed). Sternum discoloured. St. Domingo.
From the Paris Collection.

/r. ? Very young (in spirits). Uniform pale yellow. Tro-
pical America.

I. 1 Very young (dry). Uniform pale yellow. Tropical
America.

Osteology. Skull, Tab. XXXVI. fig. 2.

b. Half-grown shell, from animal in confinement. America;

West Indies.

c. Adult (skeleton). Sternum and lower side of marginal

plates with dark rings. West Indies. Presented by
Dr. J. E. Gray.

d. Adult (shell only). Sternum discoloured. V\'est Indies?

e. Adult (shell only). Sternal and lower side of marginal

shield with irregular rings ; some indistinct large ob-
long sutural spots on the upper part of the marginal
plates. West ludies.

f. Half-grown shell. Sternum discoloured. West Indies.

g. Adult (shell only). Sternum discoloured and eroded.

West Indies. From the Zoological Society's Gardens.

/(. Half-grown (shell only). Back dark ; sternum much
eroded. West Indies. Presented by Thomas Bell,

Esq.

Emys decussata. Bell.

i. Adult (skeleton). The upper part of the marginal shield
with vcryiudistinct, and lower part more distinct, square
annulate d sutural spots ; sternum with distinct irregu-

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

31

lar-shaped symmetrical rings. St. Domingo. From
the Paris Collection.

" Emys decussata ? ," Mus. Paris.

m. Adult (shell). Back dark brown ; upper part of the
margin with obscure, lower with very distinct obloug
spots on the suture of the plates ; sternum with irre-
gular-shaped symmetrical rings and scattered black
spots. West Indies. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

The heads of both the skeletons are large, and the space
between the branches of the lower jaw is wide and rounded
in front, very unlike the small head and the narrower and
more acute space between the branches of the lower jaw in
E. ruffosa.

The animal and shell are well figured from life by Mr.
Bell. The head, neck and feet are blackish olive, the fore
legs alone having some obscure indications of broad yellow
streaks, but the animal may have been in confinement.
The under surface of the marginal plate has some indistinct
sutural rings.

M. R. de Sagra (Cuba Rept. t. 1) evidently figures the
same species as the Hicotee.

ft Back wiiform or black spotted; sterna! and fower side
of marginal plates dark-edged, sometimes spotted.

30. Emys rugosa. The Dark Hicotee.

Shell ovate, oblong, rather tubercularly keeled, hinder
edge slightly serrated ; sternum brown, sometimes dark-
spotted ; shield dark-edged ; shields rugulose, areola in-
distinct, margin dark-edged ; vertebral shields : first long,
urceolate ; second, third aud fourth long, six-sided ; fifth
broad, six-sided ; marginal shields yellow, black-dotted.
" Animal brown ; head and nape greyish, with a pale streak
from the back of each eye." — Sagra.

Emys rugosa. Gray, Syn. 30 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 24.

Dim. 4- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 284 ; Cat. Meth. R. 12.

Sagra, Cuba Rept. t. 2.
Testudo rugosa. Sham, Zool. iii. 28. t. 4.

Hab. West Indies ; Cuba; Jamaica?

Far. 1. Back mottled and Uned ; sternal shield one-co-
loured, with a distinct dark edge.
Emys rugosa, Sagra.

Far. 2. Back spotless or with a few scattered round spots ;

the dorsal, marginal and sternal shields with a regular

dark brown edge.
Emys rugosa, Gosse, Jam. 189.

a. Adult (stuffed). Claws slender ; sternum eroded. West
Indies. From the Zoological Society.

Osteology : —

b. Adult (skeleton). Three middle front claws very long,

slender, compressed. St. Domingo. From the Paris
Museum.

"Emys decussata (J," Mus. Paris.

c. Half-grown (shell only). Back and sternum rather dis-

coloured. West Indies.

Far. 3. Back brown, closely black-dotted ; sternum and
under side of margin very closely spotted ; sternal
shields dark-edged.

Emys vermiculata. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 26.

d. Shell only (adult). West Indies?

]M. R. de Sagra {Rept. Cuba, t. 2) represents the head
as having a pale central frontal streak and a broad pale
band from the hinder edge of the orbit.

The shell is vermiculated with black above, and with
regular dark edges to the sternal shields and the lower side
of the marginal shields.

The head is much smaller than in E. rugosa, and the
branches of the lower jaw are not so wide apart or so much
rounded in front.

tff Shell one-coloured ; sternum black, yelloio on the sides
and margin; lower margin variegated.

31. Emys scabra. The Rough Emys.
Shell oblong, convex, brown, slightly keeled, flattish
above, and shelving on the sides ; shields blackish-edged ;
nuchal very short ; vertebral keeled, the first produced in
front between the marginal plates. Head blackish, with an
orange spot on each nostril, a band over each eyebrow, and
a large spot on each side of the nape ; tail short.

Emys scabra, Gray, Syn. 25 ; Cut. Tort. B.M. 20.
Testudo scabra, Latr. Rept. i. 148.

Baud. Rept. iii. 129.

Bell, Test. t. 1, 2, adult.
La Raboteuse, Lacep. Q. O. i. 161. t. 10, young.
Testudo verrucosa, Latr. Rept.i. 1.56.

Daud. Rept. ii. 134.
Emys dorsata, Schoepf. Test. 136.

Schweig. Prod. i. 297-42.5.
Testudo punctularia, Daud. Rept. ii. 549.

Schweig. Prod. 305.

Graif, 'Syn. 2.5. 13.

Dmn. S^-Bib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 243; Cat. Meth. R. 9.

Schlegel, Faun. Japan. 55.
Rhinochlemys (punctularia), Fitc.

nab. Tropical America ; Cayenne ; Brazils.

a. Very young ; just hatched (stuffed). Areola rugose,
closely and minutely tubercular. South America.

Lacep. Q. O. t. 10.

32

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

I, c. Young (in spirits). Upper part of the marginal plates
with short black vermicnlated lines ; the lower side
yellow, with fewer tortuous similar lines on both sides
of the body.

d. Adult (in spirits). The lower part of the marginal plate
pale. Neck with line of small black dots. Bad state.
From the Zoological Society.

Osteology. Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 204. t. 12. f. 44, young
sternum.

In our adult and three young specimens there is a spot
on each side of the nose, a streak commencing from the
middle of the orbit, diverging to the sides of the nape, a
spot on each side of the middle of that part, and a narrow
streak on the temple from the upper and lower part of the
back edge of the oibit, and the neck is marked with several
narrow black lines on the sides.

Mr. Bell's figure of the adult {Testudinata, t. 1) differs
from these ui representing the superciliary bands as being
united by a short transverse band in front.

32. Emys D'Orbignii. D'Orbigny's Emys.
Shell ovate, swollen, nearly smooth, keelless, slightly
toothed behind, chestnut-brown, with a black dorsal streak
and large triangular black spots on the edge of the disk ;
first vertebral shield pear-shaped ; marginal plates brown,
with a large central yellow marginal spot. Sternum black,
irregularly edged with yellow. Head and neck yellow-
lined, with a broader streak from the back edge of the eyes
along the sides of the neck ; legs with broad yellow streaks ;
toes webbed ; claws acute ; crown with numerous yellow
streaks ; upper jaw nicked.

Emvs D'Orbignii, Dum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 272 ; Cat.
ileth. iJ. 11.

ly Orbiyny, Voy. Amer. Wirid. Rept. v. 6. t. I.
Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 22.

Hab. South America ; Buenos Ayres. Mus. Paris.

33. Emys dorsalis. The New Granada Emys.
Tab. XIV. a.

Shell oblong, convex, rather elongate, keelless, slightly
toothed behind, dark brown ; shield smooth, slightly
grooved, and rather paler on the edge ; first vertebral four-
sided, the second, third and fourth six-sided, about as long
as broad. Sternum blackish, with a broad pale band on
each side, and on the edge of the anterior and posterior
shields ; crown and cheeks black, with a broad pale streak
from the nostril over the orbit and on the sides of the occi-
put, a broad sinuous streak from the upper part of the back
edge of the orbit and another more sinuous beneath it.

Lips and throat yellow. Legs and feet yellow, black spot-
ted and streaked.

Emys dorsaUs, Spix, Bras. t. 9. f. 1, 2.

Hab. New Granada; River Buonaventura. J. O. Good-
ridge, Esq.

a. Adult (in spirits). New Granada. Presented by the
Admiralty from Haslar Hospital.

Emys dorsalis (Spix, Test. Bras. 1 1 . t. 9. f. 1, 2) probably
represents the young of this species, as the marks on the
head agree with those on our specimen. This figure has
been referred to E. scabra, but the form of the head bands,
if they are correctly figured, at once separates it from that
species.

6. CHRYSEMTS.
Head covered with a thin hard skin, oblong ; forehead
rather convex. Eyes subsuperior. Beak naked ; upper
with two small teeth in front ; lower beak extended behind,
covering the rounded lower edge of the lower jaw. Fore
legs covered with large transverse shields. Toes short,
strong, shortly webbed, covered with hand-like scales above.
Claws 5-4, compressed, arched, the three middle front
often much elongated, subequal. Tail moderate. Shell
depressed. Sternum solid, broad, truncated before and be-
hind, affixed to the thorax by a bony symphysis covered
at the end by the pectoral and abdominal shields ; axillary
and inguinal plates moderate, distinct. Shield very thin,
smooth ; the marginal plates with a subcentral marginal
areola, surrounded with dark-edged concentric rings ; the
humeral plate triangular ; the pectoral narrow, square.

Chrysemys, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 2/ (1844).
Emys (type). Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 515.

1. Chi-ysemys picta. The Painted Tortoise.

Shell oblong, depressed, keelless, very smooth ; shields
thin, olive-brown; discal shield with a broad yellow or red
front margin ; vertebral shield with a narrow central Une ;
sternum yellow. Head and throat black, yellow-lined ;
tail long, slender.

Emys picta, Sc/iweiy. Prod. 306.

Merrem, Tent. 23.

Gray, Si/n. 2(i ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 27.

Dum. ^'Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 297 ; Cat. Mi-th. R. 12.

Holbrooh; N. A. Herpet. ii. 19. t. 3 ; ed. 2. i. 75. t. 10.

Be Kay, 12. t. 5. f. 10.
Testudo picta, Herm., Schneid. Schildk. 348.

Sehoepf. Test. t. 4.

Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. V. iii. 115.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

33

Testudo picta, Shaw, Zool. t. 10. f. I.

Seba, Thesawr. i. t. 80. f. 5, young.
T. cinerea. Brown, II lust. t. 48, young (dry).

Shaw, Zool. t. 12.

Schoepff. Test. t. 3. f. 2, 3.
Eniys cinerea, Schweig. Prod. 306.

Merrem, Tent. 24.
Terrapene picta, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 158.
Cyclemys picta, Wagler, Si/st. 137.

Hub. North America, iu ponds (never La running water),
from Canada to Virginia.

Far. 1 . Pale-edged, the front of the discal plates broad ;
the lateral angle of the second, third and fourth verte-
bral plates anterior ; the marginal plates with a yellow
central spot and a broad concentric ring above, and
a large yellow spot beneath.

a. Adult animal (dry). Front claws very long, slender.
North America. Dr. Mantell's Collection.

North America. Presented by

b. Adult animal (dry).

Dr. J. E. Gray.'

c. Young (from spirits).
Testudo cinerea. Brown.

f. Adult (stuffed). Claws rather long, slender, acute.
North America. Presented by Henry Doubleday, Esq.

g & h. Adult (stuffed). Three middle claws of front feet
very long, slender. North America.

New York.

i. Adult (in spirits). Claws moderate, strong.
Mr. Brandt's Collection.

_;'. Half-grown (in spirits). Claws moderate, strong, curved ;
sternum with angular spots on inner edge, some having
a pale eyed spot in the centre. New York. Mr.
Brandt's Collection.

Osteology : —
d. Adult shell.

North America.

e. Adult (upper shell only). North America. From Dr.
Mantell's Collection.

Far. 2. The yellow edge to the discal plates narrow, uni-
form ; the outer angles of the vertebral plates in the
middle of the margin ; the marginal plates with a
small central marginal spot and two or three interrupted
pale rings above, a large spot and a pale ring with
a broad black edge beneath.

k. Adult (stuffed). Claws short, strong, curved ; sternum
plain-coloured. North America.

/. Adult shell. Sternum with a large central dark blotch,
pale Uned and dotted.

These Tortoises may be seen in great numbers in ponds,
basking in the sun on rocks or logs, plunging instantane-
ously into the water on the approach of any one. They

die in a very few days after being taken from the water.
The young are more brilhantly coloured than the older
ones. — Leconte.

Wagler regards Eniijs marmorata, Spix, Bras. t. 10, as
this species, instead oi E. vulgaris. — Syst. 137.

2. Chrysemys BeUii. Bell's Emys.

Shell oblong, solid, rather depressed in the centre, con-
vex on the sides, olive, waved with irregular black-edged
pale-dotted greenish lines placed on the edge and across
the middle of each shield ; vertebrals nearly square, first
urceolate, the rest sis-sided ; margin beneath black, yellow-
dotted ; sternum flat, surrounded with an irregidar yellow
edge ; front edge deeply denticulate.

Emys Bellii, Graij, Sijn. 31 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 27.

" Bum. i^- Bib. Erp. Gen. 302 ; Cat. Meth. 11. 12.
E. speciosa, JV. Clift, Cat. Mus. Coll. Surg. no. 1525 (not

Gray).
Emys Origonensis, narla)i,Jmer.Journ.Sci.xxxi.3S2.t\Sl.
Ilolbrook, Amer. Ilerpet. ii. t. 1 ; ed. 2. i. 107. t. 16.
Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 23.
U'ied, log. Amer. Sej)t. iii. 303.

Hab. North America ? Mus. Coll. Surg.

M.Bibron observes, that he has seen several specimens of
this species in the " different Loudon Museums ;" the only
one that has occurred to me is the one above described.

Dr. Uolbrook's figure of Emys Origonensis (t. 21), in
the dentated margin, and in the colouring of the sternum,
greatly resembles this species, but the back is rather differ-
ently coloured, and the sternum is truncated behind. It
is probably only an accidental variety.

tft Toes slender, elongate, covered with small scales or
nearly naked, very largely webbed; claws conical,
scarcely curved.

7. PSEUDEMYS.
Head moderate, covered with a thin hard skin, ovate ;
forehead convex. Eyes subsuperior. Chin flat, not
bearded ; branches of the lower jaw dilated, flat, covered
with a soft thin skin. Fore legs covered with band-like
scales. Toes slender, rather elongate, covered with scales,
or with a smooth skin, widely webbed to the end of the
toes. Claws 5 '4, acute, rather compressed, straight or
slightly curved. Tail moderate. Shell rather depressed.
Sternum solid, truncated before, nicked behind, affixed to
the thorax by a bony symphysis, covered by the end of the
pectoral and abdominal shields ; axillary and inguinal plates
moderate, distinct.

34

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

This genus is chiefly distinguished from E?ni/s by the
flattened under jaw and the small size of the lower beak,
the under jaw being chiefly covered with a soft skin, and
by the slenderness of the toes and the breadth of the web,
which most resembles that of the genus Bafagttr.

The annulated spot on the under surface of the marginal
plate on all the species I have examined is on the suture,
so as to occupy a portion of two ueighbouriug shields.

* Jaws entire ; upper only slightly nicked in front.

Vertebral plates with three longitudinal, oblong, annu-
lated spots, sometimes interrupted, each part forming an
eyed spot ; the costal plates with two or three animlated
spots, the larger and principal one on the hinder margin
sending out pale diverging tortuous lines which separate
the spots and transversely divide the shield into halves.

1. Pseiidemys concinna. The Neat Emys.

Shell oblong, smooth, keelless, olive-brown, pale ringed
and lined, with a pale streak across each costal shield, with
several unequal-sized more or less oblong annulated spots
on each shield ; margin with a pale central cross-band
above, with an oblong sutural spot beneath ; sternum yel-
low, clouded with black, especially near the suture of the
plates. Head olive ; neck and feet yellow-lined, with a
broad lateral streak from the back of each eye. Fore legs
with two yellow streaks ; webs with a triangular yellow
spot on the margin between each claw.

Emys concinna, Dum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 289.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 25.

Hollrook, N. A. Ilerp. ed. 2. i. 119. t. 19.
Testudo concinna, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 106.
Terrapene concinna, Bonap. Ohs. Reg. Anim. 156 (1830).

Hub. North America ; Savannah and Congaree Rivers.

a. Adult (stuffed). Back keelless; costal with a square

ring in the upper hinder angle of the first and second,
which is rather lower down on the third plate, and
with many curved lines subconcentric in front and
below them. North America. From the Zoological
Society.

b. Young. Back slightly keeled behind ; the rings on the

vertebral and costal plates well marked ; the principal
annulated spot on the hinder margin is on the upper
part of the first and the lower of the third plate.
Sternum pale yellowish, edges of the plates darker
clouded. North America, Louisiana. Mr. Smith's
{Jollectiou.

Emys concinna, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herp. t. 19.

c. Adult (stuffed). North America, Louisiana. Mr.

Smith's Collection.

d. Very young. Sternum with a large black spot, form-
ing a dark band on the central line and a seiies of
spots on each side, and a narrow transverse line across
the front edge ; a round spot on the outer edge of the
pectoral and abdominal shields near the symphysis.
Head and legs yellow-lined, a central frontal line, and
a nai row line from the hinder uj)|ier and the middle
of the lower edge of the orbit. Mexico. M. Parzu-
daski's Collection.

M. Leconte's figure, which is engraved by Dr. Holbrook,
is a moderately good repiesentation of our younger speci-
men. It chiefly differs in the marks on the shell being
rather too regular and distinct, the streak on the head
broader, and the toes are represented as covered with scales ;
but both these and the claws show that it belongs to this
genus.

I have received the young Emys ornata from Paris under
this name.

2. Pseudemys ? hieroglypMca. The Hieroglyphic
Emys.

Shell oval, depressed, keelless, smooth, entire in front,
elongated and imperfectly serrated behind ; sternum oblong,
nicked behind, dingy yellow, sides olive varied. Head very
small, upper jaw slightly eniarginate, lower jaw with a
tooth ; first vertebral urceolate ; each costal shield with
four or five, and each marginal with dark spots with con-
centric yellow lines.

Emvs hieroglvphica, Holbrook, N. Amer. Herpet. i.47. t.2;
ed. 2. i. 111. t. 17.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 26.
Dam. Cat. Mi'th. B. 12.

Ilab. North America ; Cumberland River.

A large species; the shell of the adult about 12 inches
long.

I am induced to refer this Tortoise, which I have not
seen, to this genus, from the disposition of the colours,
which resembles that of the preceding species.

** Jaws with two strong teeth above and three below in
front.

Costal shield with a double subcentral cross band, con-
taining an oblong ringed spot in the upper part of the first,
the middle of the second, and the lower part of the third

costal plate.

3. Pseudemys serrata. The Potter.

Shell oblong, longitudinally rugose, slightly toothed be-
hind ; olive-browu, varied with iiTegular pale cross bands ;

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

35

vertebral shields bluntly keeled ; first urceolate, rest long,
sides shelving, beneath yellow, with sliglitly eyed spots on
the sutures of the marginal plates ; sternum flat, darker
clouded, with a davk-edged pale streak on the sutures, be-
tween the outer sides of the sternal and marginal plates.
Head and neck with two broad streaks ; jaws strongly
toothed.

Emys serrata. Say, Jotini. Acad. Philud. iv. 204.

Harlan, Anier. Herpet. 78.

Gray, Syn. 29 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 21.
E. serrata, var., Schleyel, Faun. Japon. 58.
E. irrigata. Bell, MSS.

Bum. .f Bib. Erp. Gtn. ii. 276 ; Cat. Meth. R. 10.
E. reticularia, Bell, MSS. (not Say).
TestLido rubriventris, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 101.

Duin. i5- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 281.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. 7. t. 6 ; ed. 2. i. 55. t. 6.

Be Kay, IC. t. 7. f. 3.
Terrapene rubriventris, Bonap. Obs. Reg. Anim. 154
(1830).

Hab. North America ; in running water with rocky
beds. " Between the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay.
Sold in the Philadelphia markets as the Potter or Red-
beUied Terrapen. The flesh is not greatly esteemed." —
Holbrook.

a. Just hatched (stuffed). The upper jaw distinctly bi-
dentate. Head and jaws yellow-streaked. North
America.

Osteology : —

b. Adult skeleton.

North America.

A large species ; shell of the adult 11 to 12 inches
long.

8. BATAGUE.

Head moderate, covered vnth a thin skin ; chin not
bearded. Feet largely webbed. Toes 5 • 5 ; the outer on
each foot often clawless. Claws conical. Tail moderate.
Shell oval, rounded, depressed. Sternum solid, broadly
truncated before, nicked behind, affixed to the thorax by
a bony symphysis, covered with the end of the pectoral and
abdominal plates. Axillary and inguinal plates large. End
of cavity contracted. Skull. Tab. XXXVI. fig. 4.

Tetraonyx, Lesson, Bclangers Voy. 297 ; Hlust. Zool. t. 7
(not Latr.).

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 338; Cat. Meth. R. 15.
Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 29.
Cyclemys, sp., Bell.

Clemmys (Tetraonyx), Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1842).
Tetronyx longicoUis, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.
Trionys, sp.. Gray, Syn. Rept. 5.

* Claws 4 • 4, strong. Back convex ; the gular plates
very small, transverse. Batagur.

1. Batagur Baska. The Batagur. Tab. XVI.

Back olive ; adult not keeled ; first vertebral plate nearly
square, as broad as long ; second, third and fourth broad,
urceolate, or rather six-sided, rather longer than broad ;
gular plate very narrow, scarcely wider in the centre, band-
like ; anal plate shorter than broad.

Tetraonyx Batagur, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 29.

Emys Batagur, Gray, Syn. 24 ; Hlust. Lnd. Zool. iii. t. 8.

Testudo Batagur, B. Hamillon, MS.

Emys Baska, Gray, Hlust. Lid. Zool. t. , from B. Hamilton,

MS. Icon.
Tetraonyx Baska, Bum. «J- Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 341 ; Cat.

Meth. R. 15.
Emys Spenglevi, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 51.
Emys Tetraonyx, Schleyel, F. Japon. 43, joung.
Tetraonyx lougicollis, Lesson, Belangers Foy. 297 ; Hlust.

Zool.'t. 7.
Tetraonyx Lessonii, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 338. t. 16.

f. 1 ; Cat. Meth. R. 15.
Trionyx Cuvieri, Gray, Syn. Rept. 5, very young.

Young.

Erays dentata, Gray, Sy?i. Rept. t. 8 ; Hlust. lnd. Zool.
t. , upper figure only.

Hab. Incha ; Bengal ; Ganges ; River Iriwaddy, Pegu
{Reynaud).

a, b. Adult (stuffed). The space between the ribs not
quite closed. India; Ganges. Mr. Blyth's Collection.

** Claws 5 • 4, small, weak. Back convex ; the gular
plates triangular. Kachuga.

3. Batagur lineata. The Kachuga. Tab. XVII.

First vertebral plate four-sided, about as long as broad,
the second, third and fourth six-sided, second as long as
broad, the fourth considerably longer than broad ; the
gular plate short, triangular ; the anal as long as broad.
" Head bluish-ash ; cheek and chin yellow-varied ; eyebrow
and nape scarlet-lined ; chin with two yellow spots ; tail
long."

Emys lineata. Gray, Syn. 23; Cat. Tort. B.M. 17.

Bum. ^' Bib. Erp. Ge'n. ii. 335 ; Cat. Meth. R. 15.
Testudo kachuga, B. Hamilton, MSS. cop.
Emys kachuga. Gray, Hlust. lnd. Zool. t. 74.
E. tectum, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 51.

Hab. India; Nepaul.

I. Young animal (stuffed) ; the second and third vertebral
shields strongly keeled, ending in a tubercle behind ;
the fourth and fifth sharply keeled. Nepaul. Capt.
Boys' Collection. Tab. XVII.

g 2

36

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Osteology : —

b. Shell of half-grown. Vertebral plates obscurely keeled ;

sides not quite ossified. Tanks and nullahs near
Saharumpoor. Presented by Dr. Falconer.

c. Adult (shell). Dark olive above; vertebral plates not

keeled ; sides quite ossified. Nepaul. Presented by
B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

d. Very young (plate only the size of the areola) ; second

and third vertebraf plates nodose ; hinder margin of
shell subdentate. India. Capt. Boys' Collection.

Like B. Baslia, but differs in the number and size of the
claws, and also in the shell becoming entirely solidified
when only half the size.

3. Batagiir Dhongoka. The Dhongoka. Tab. XVIII.

Olive, with three black streaks ; vertebral plates keeled ;
first, second and fourth urceolate, longer than broad ; third
as broad as long ; sternum deeply notched behind ; gular
plate triangular ; the anal plates rather shorter than broad.

Emys Dhongoka, Gray, Illust. hid. ZooL ii. t. , cop.
Testudo Dhongoka, B. Hamilton, MSS.
E. lineata, var., Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 335 ; Cat. MM.
R. 1.5.

Grni/, Cat. Tort. B.M. 17.
E. tectum, var.? Schlegel, F. Japan. 51.
E. Duvaucellii, Dion. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 334 ; Cat. Meth.
B. 14.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 15.
Hardw. Icon. ined. Rept. t. 2.

Hab. India ; Nepaul.

a. Young (stuffed). Olive, with three black streaks, and

sides of the back darker ; vertebral plates keeled ; the
second and third tubercular on the hinder edge. India ;
Ganges at Sultanpoor, near Benares. Tab. XVIII.

Emys trivitCata, Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 331 ; Cat. Meth.
R. 14.

Cantor, Rept. Malay. 4.
Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 17.

Osteology. Tab. XXXVI. fig. 1, skull.

b. Adult (shell only). The three streaks narrower and less

distinct ; vertebral plates obscurely keeled. India.

c. Adult (upper shell only). Second vertebral plate pro-

duced, angular behind. Nepaul. Presented by B.
H. Hodgson, Esq.

d. Adult (upper shell only). The second vertebral plate

rather truncated. Nepaul. PresentedbyB. H.Hodg-
son, Esq.

e. Skull. Nepaul. Presented by B. H. Hodgson, Esq.

Tab. XXXVI. fig. 1.

/. Adult shell, broken on the sides. India. From the

Zoological Society.
" Emys Duvaucellii," Bibron, MSS. Cat. Zool. Sac.

g. Half-grown shell, narrow. Hinder edge serrated ; second
vertebral plate vrith a very distinct, acute, spine-Uke
keel. India. From the Zoological Society.

Emys lineata, Bibron, MSS. Cat. Zool. Soc.

The figures in the Illustrations of Indian Zoology are
from a young specimen with rather deformed vertebral
plates.

4. Batagnu^ oceUata. The Eyed Emys.
Shell entire, nearly hemispherical (keeled when young) ;
dorsal plates brown, each marked with a yellow-edged
black spot ; vertebral plates : first pentagonal, rest six-
sided ; tail short ; jaws toothed.

Emys ocellata. Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 329. t. 15. f. 1 ;
Cat. Meth. K. 14.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 18.

Hab. India; Bengal (^e/an^e;'). Mus. Paris.

*** Claws 5-4, small, weak. Back high, subangular.
Pangshura.

5. Batagur tecta. The Pangshure.
Shell ovate oblong, solid, ohve, with a central interrupted
red streak ; back angidarly elevated, compressed ; vertebral
shields elongated, six-sided ; the first, second and third
keeled, each produced and subtubercular behind ; margin
quite entire, sheh-ing ; sternum flat, keeled, sides high,
sloping, pale, vrith regular black spots. Head ohve, with
two broad orange converging streaks ; neck with close olive
lines.

Emys tecta. Bell, Test. t. 1. f. 1-4.

Gray, Syn. 23. t. 25; Ilhcst. Ltd. Zool. ii. t. 72. f. 1, 2 ;

Cat. Tort. B.M. 15.
Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 321 ; Cat. Meth. R. 14.
Schlegel, F. Jajion. 51.
E. trigibbosa. Lesson, Bull. Sci. Nat. xxv. 121.

Bclauger, Voy. 29.
Testudo Pangshure, no. 4, aud T. Khagraskata, no. \ii, B.
Hamilton, MSS., cop. Gray, III. Ltd. Zool.

Hab. India ; Bengal.

a, b, c. Adult (stuffed). India. From M. Piquot's Col-
lection.

d. Adult (in spirits). India.

e. Adult (stuffed). India. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

Legs covered with broad thin shields in front, fringed on
the outer side ; the toes with a series of small, narrow,
six-sided shields on the middle of the upper surface.

Schlegel regards E. lineata, E. Batagur, E. Bhongoka

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

37

and E. Kachuga as varieties of this species, an opinion for
which he has no ground, as he says he has not seen any
of them.

6. Batagnr tentoria. The Dura.

Shell ovate oblong, olive, with a blackish keel ; back
rather angularly compressed ; shields slightly rugose ; the
first vertebral one four-sided, as broad as long, the rest
elongated, six-sided, keeled, the keel (of the third especially)
produced behind into a tubercle ; margin dentated behind ;
the marginal and sternal plates yellow-keeled ; sternum
slightly elevated, and keeled on the sides, blackish, with
yellow margins and edges to the plates. Head and neck
brown, darker dotted and clouded.

Emys tentoria, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834 ; Cat. Tort.

B.M. 15.
E. tectum, adult. Gray, Ilhist. Ind. Zool. t. 72. f. 3, 4, 5.
Testudo Dura, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. t. , MSS.

Hab. India ; Deccan ; Mysore 1

a. Adult (stuflFed) ; 6 inches. The third vertebral shield

almost as broad as long ; sternum low. Deccan. Pre-
sented by Colonel Sykes.

b. Half-grown (stuffed). Olive ; hinder part of the foot,

and the strong keel of the second and third vertebral
shields, and a small spot on the middle of the hinder
edge of the costal shields, blackish ; the second and
third vertebral shields Ijroader than long, areola pos-
terior ; sternum high.

c. Half-grown (stuffed). India. From Capt. Boys' Col-

lection.

This species differs from B. tecta in the keel of the
discal plates being blackish, not red, with black edges, and
in the sternum not being spotted.

9. MALACLEMYS.
Head very large, depressed ; crown flat ; temples and
nape covered with a soft spongy skin. Beak exposed ;
lower beak large, convex beneath. Chin not bearded.
Legs short. Fore legs with very thin reticulated scales.
Toes rather short, strong, covered with a few very thin
shields, united by a broad, nearly naked web to the claws.
Claws 5 • 4, subequal, curved, sharp. Tail conical. Shell
depressed, oblong. Sternum solid, truncated before, nicked
behind, affixed by a bony symphysis ; axillary and inguinal
plates distmct ; discal and marginal plates with a subceutral
areola surrounded by concentric rings or series of spots.

Living in salt-water marshes : moves quickly on land :
torpid in winter. Egg oval : flesh well-flavoured. America.

Malaclemvs, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 28.
Emys § *■*, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 1825, 211.
Terrapene, sp., Bonajj. Ohs. Cuv. R.J. 157 (1830).
Emys, sp., Dim. f Bib.Erp. G^/i.ii.261 ; Cat. Meth. R. 10.

1. Malaclemys concentrica. Salt-water Terrapen.

Shell oval, rather convex, slightly tubercularly keeled ;
shields (and the bone under them) pale yellow, marked
with brown concentric rings, which are often impressed.
Animal grey, black-spotted and lined.

Malaclemys concentrica. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 28.
Testudo concentrica, Shaw, Gen. Zool. iii. 43. t. 9. f. 1.

Gray, Syn. 27.

Bell, Test. t.

Bum. ($• Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 261 ; Cat. Meth. R. 10.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. i. 87. t. 12.

DeKay, Rept. N. Yo.-h; 10. t. 3. f. 4.
Terrapin, Broion, Jam. 406.
Le Terrapene, Lacep. Q. O. i. 129.
Testudo Terrapin, Schoepff. Test. 64. t. 15.

Rolbrook, X. A. Herpet. ii. 13. t. 2.
Testudo palustris, Gmel. Syst. Kat. i. 1041 ?

Lecoiife, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 113.
Testudo centrata, Lafr. Rept. i. 145.

Dainl. Rept. ii. 153.
Emys centrata, Schweig. Prod. i. 304.

Say, Joiirn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. iv. 205.

Harlan, Rept. N. Amer. 77 .

Merrein, Tent.

Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211.
Emys livida, Bell, MSS.

Salt-water Terrai>in, Leconte, Southern States N. Amer.
Terrajicue palustris, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 157.

Hab. North America, in salt-water marshes, from New
York to Florida ; and West Inches.

Var. 1. concentrica. Head black-lined ; limbs black-
spotted ; shield smooth ; dorsal and sternal shields
with well-defined dark rings.

a. Animal (stuffed) and shell ; smooth, highly coloured.
Head with large black lines on the cheeks. North
America. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

Var. 2. Head black-speckled ; shield more or less deeply
concentrically grooved, with dark rings. Sternum
and lower side of marginal plates with dark rings.

j. Half-grown animal (dry). North America.
g. Adult (shell only). North America.

Far. 3. centrata. Head black-speckled; shield more or
less deeply concentrically dark-grooved. Sternum and
lower part of marginal plates black-dotted and clouded.

Testudo centrata, Latr.

38

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

h. Adult (stuffed). Nortli America. Presented by the
Earl of Derby.

c. Adult (stuffed). North America. Presented by Gen.

Th. Hardwicke.

d. Adult (stuffed). Shields smooth ; hinder costal plate

distinctly ringed. North America. Presented by
Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

e. Adult (in spirits). North America.

k. Adult animal (dry : not good state). Back obtusely and
interruptedly keeled ; dorsal shield rugose, dark brown ;
sternum brown, with dark edge to the shields. North
America. From the Zoological Society.

Far. 4. tuberculifera. The three central vertebral plates
with a central tubercle, the hinder tubercle orbicular.

h. Shell only (young). California. Mr. J. Drummond's

Collection.
Malaclemys tuberculifera. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M.

Far. 5. areolata. Head small ; back elevated.

Emys areolata, Dvm. ^- Bib. MSS.

Bum. Cat. Rept. Mus. irilist. Nat. 10. no. 7*.

Hub. Central America ; Veiea. {Morelet).

Osteology : —

/. Shell only. North America.

i. Skeleton of Far. 1 . North America. Zoological Society.

Skull oblong ; forehead convex, shelving towards the
temples ; orbits large, rather close together, shelving up-
wards, enabling the animal to see above it.

Mr. Bell, in his Testudinata, beautifully figures several
specimens from life, showing the variations in the colouring
of the animal. The animal varies in intensity from pale
grey to blackish, and the spots on the temples, nape, neck,
limbs and tail vary in size and depth, and are sometimes
joined together into lines, which are often symmetrical on
the two sides of the head.

" As an article of food it is much preferred to any other
species, particularly when dug out of the marshes in a
torpid state : immense numbers are annually brought to
market. The males are small, and have the concentric
striee more deeply impressed than the females." — Le-
conte.

The very young specimens are about two inches long,
pale brown ; shields with narrow concentric lines ; second,
third, and front half of the fourth vertebral plate with a
very broad rounded keel. Sternum brown-dotted ; plates
pale-edged, with a line of spots on the front and hinder
edse. Mus. Bell.

A very young specimen in spirits in the Museum of
the College of Surgeons, named " Testudo picta." The
shell is pale brown ; each of the costal shields has two
concentric very narrow rings near the margin, and an
irregular ring in the centre, the continuity of which is
often more or less interrupted. The vertebral plates have
a similar double ring, but both the marginal and cen-
tral ones are more irregular and mterrupted. The upper
surfaces of the marginal plates are each marked with a
single submarginal ring and a larger central spot. The
sternal shields are brown-dotted, with a brown band near
the margin of each.

b. Sternum divided by a central cross suture, attached to
the thorax by a ligamentous suture, covered by the
end of the pectoral and abdominal shields ; sternal
plates 1 2 ; axillary and inguinal plates very small.

Emydidic § a, b. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 13.
Emydidce § a. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 514.
Cistuda, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 270 (1822).
Cistudo, Say, Journ. Acad. Philad.

Bum. ^- Bib.Erp. Gen. ii. 207 (1835) ; Cat. MM. R. 7.
Emys, JVar/ler, Syst. 138 (1830).

Bonap. Obs. Ciw. R. A. 161 (1830).

Fit:. Syst. Schildk. 1836; Syst. Rept. 29(1843).
Pyxidemys (clausa). Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29.
Terrapene, Khiosternon and Sternotherus, sp.. Bell.

M. Daudin divides the Tortues a boites (T. clausa)
thus : —

* With both ends moveable. 1. T. Retzii. 2. T. tri-
carinata. 3. T. Pennsylvanica. — ** With the hinder end
only moveable. 4. T. odorata. 5. T. subnigra. 6. T.
virgulata. 1 . T. clausa. 8. T. brevicauda.

Cuvier, Reg. Anim. ii. 11 (1817), ed. 2. ii. 12, adopts
Daudin' s divisions.

Merrem gives to the Tortues ti boites the generic name
oi Terrapene (p. 27, &c.).

Mr. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 302, 486 (1826), in his paper
on the Box Tortoises, forms a subfamily of Emydida: for
them under the name of Sternotherina, and refers to it the
following genera : —

I. KiNOSTERNON, Spix, Containing: 1. K. Shwianum.
2. A', longicaudatum. 3. K. brevicaudatum. 4. K. Penn-
sylvanicum. 5. K. Amboinense = Terrapene bicolor,Tp. 484.
6. K. nigricans = Sternotherus Leaehianus. II. Ster-
notherus, Bell, containing: 1. S. trifasciatus (t. 13).
2. >S'. Leaehianus (t. 14), which is the same as K. nigricans.
S.S.odoratus. 4. S.Boscii=KinostenionPennsylvanica; the

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

39

same as Kinosternon, as regarded by Daudin. III. Terra-
pen E.^/sn-ew. 1. T.Europceu. 2. T.Carolina. 3. T.maeu-
lata (pp. 309, 48G). 4. T. nebii'osa (pp. 309, 484) ; both
mere varieties of T. Carolina. To these, at p. 484 of the
same vohime, is added as a new species : 5. T. bicolor (t. 1 6),
said to come from North America, but it proves to be the
same as Einosternon Amboinense of the former paper.

f Legs with large scales in front ; toes narrowly webbed,
shielded above.

10. CISTUDO.

Head moderate, covered with a thin, hard, continuous
skin ; forehead flat. Eyes lateral. Legs covered with large
angular shields, those on the inner side broadest. Toes
short, very narrowly webbed to the claws. Tail short.
Shell ovate, convex, solid. Sternum broad, rounded before
and behind, completely closing the cavity of the thorax,
affixed to it by a ligamentous .symphysis, and divided by
a cross suture between the pectoral and abdominal plates ;
the front lobe very large, almost entirely free from the
symphysis ; sternal shields 1 2 ; inguinal and axillary plates
none ; marginal plates 25 or 2/ ; nuchal plate small.
North America.

Cistudo, sp., Say, Journ. Acad. Philad.

Cistudo, Dim. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 201 (185.5) ; Cat.

With. R. 7.
Cistuda § *, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 2/0.
Cistuda, Gray, Syn. Repf. 1/ (1831); Cat. Tort. B.M.

29 (1844), misprint.
Cistula, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211, misprint.

TFayler, Syst. 138.
Les Tortues a boites (part.), Baud. Repf.

Ciiv. R.A. ii. 11 ; ed. 2. ii. 12.
Terrapene, sp., Merrem, Tent. 27.
Terrapene, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 308, iii. 514.
Emj's, Pyxidemys, and E. Emys, Fit:. Syst. Schildk. 123

(1836).
Steruotherns, sp.. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 308.
Kinosternon, sp., Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. ,308.
Emys § 1. Cishula, Bonap. Ohs. Cue. R.A. 162.
Pyxidemys (clausa), Filz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
Cyelemys, Bell, Zool. Journ.

Fits. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
Terraphene, Grai/, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1S25), misprint.
Emys, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 270 (1822).

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
Les Clausiles, Bum. Sf Bib. Erp. Gin. 210.

The most terrestrial of the Box Tortoises, with short,
strong, scarcely webbed toes. The legs are like those of a
Land Tortoise.

* Claws 5 ■ 4 := Cistudo.
** Claws 5 ■ 3 1:= Onvchotria.

* Claws 5 ■ 4. Cistudo.

1. Cistudo Carolina. The Box Tortoise.

Shell hemispherical, slightly keeled, brown, yellow-varied ;
shields grooved; marginal plates 23-27. Animal black,
yellow or red spotted.

Cistudo Caiollna, Gray, Syn. 18 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 29.
Testudo Carolina, Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. 352 !

Bum. c^- Bib. Erp. e'en. ii. 210; Cat. Mith. R. 7.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii. 9. t. 1.
T. brevicauda, Lacep. Q. O. i. 164.
T. clausa, Gmel. S,/st. Nat. i. 1043.

Baud. Rept. li. 207.

Schoepff. Test. t. 7.

Lecoaie, Ann. Lye. N. T. iii. 124.

Shaw, Zool. t. 7.

Guir. Icon. t. 1. f. 2.
T. virgul.ita, Latr. Repf. 100.

Bai'd. Rept. ii. 201. t. 23.
T. incarecrafa and T. incarcerata striata, Bonnaf. Ency. 29.
T. cariuata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 353.

Sc/ineidcr, SchildA: 361.
Emys dubia, Schweig. Prod.
E. Schneiderii, Schweig. Prod. 317.
Terrapene guttata (or T. maculata), and Ter. nebulosa. Bell,

Zool. Jmrn. ii. 309.
La Bonibe, Lacep. Q. O. i. 164.

Cistuda Blandingii, Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii. 35. t. 5 ?
The Box Tortoise, Grew, Mas. 38. t. 3. f. 2.

Edw. Birds, t. 205.
Checkered Tortoise, Penn. Arcf. Zool. ii. 228.
Emvs (Pyxidemys) Schneideri, E. (P.) virgulata, and E. (P.)

clausa! Fil:. Syst. Schildk. 123.
Terrapene clausa, Merrem, Tent.

Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211.
Emys (Cistudo) clausa, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 162.
Emvs (Pyxidemys) clausa. Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29.
Emys/3. clausa, IVagler, Syst. 138.
Emys /3. virgulata, IVagler, Syst. 138.
Testudo Caroliulaua, Sclmeider, 33. no. 7.
T. virginea, Grew, Mus. t. 3. f. 2.
Cistudo clausa. Say, Journ. Acad. Philad. iv.
Terrapene clausa, Merrem, Tent.
Terrapene Carolina, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 309.
Terrapene " subretosa, Belt," Leconfe.
Laud Turtle, Northern States N. America (Leconte).
YmehnrrenTerraiien, Southern States N.Anierica(Leconte).

Very youngi Emys (Emvoides) kinosternoides. Gray, Syn.

32; Cat. Tort. B.M.'27.
E. cinosternoides. Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 303 ; Cat.

Me'th. R. 12.

Hab. North America, from Hudson's Bay to Florida.
Martuiique (Plee).

a. Adult (stuffed). Shell yellow, black-rayed; beneath

brown. North America. Presented by Dr. J. E.
Gray.

b. Adult (stuffed). Black, yellow-spotted. North America.

Presented by Dr. Jacob Green.

40

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

e. Youna; animal (dry). Discoloured from spirits. North
America. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

I. Adult animal (dry). Shell yellow, black -rayed. North
America. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

}. Adult (stuffed). Shell brown, paler rayed, with few
yellow spots. North America.

k. Adult (stuffed). Shell black, yellow-spotted, rather
elongate, beneath brown. North America. Presented
by H. Doubleday, Esq.

/. Adult. Shields pale, darker rayed. North America,
Louisiana. ]Mr. Smith's Collection. Called "Wood-
land and Cane-brake Tortoise."

m. Adult animal (dry). Shell black, with large yellow
spots and rays. North America.

n,o,p. Adult (stuffed). Larsre shields pale. North
America. Mr. Smith's Collection.

Osteology : —

h. Adult (upper shell only). Shields black, with large
yellow spots.

g. Adult (upper shell only). Like "h."

d. Adult (upper shell only). Shields pale, black-rayed.

c. Adult (upper shell only). Wanting some shields.

/. Adult (shell only). Back and sternum brown, with
large yellow marks.

q. Skeleton (adult). Male. North America. From the
Paris Collection.

Skull rather high ; forehead flat, rather shelving towards
the nose; nose truncated; sides of face perpendicular;
orbits lateral.

The shell is so hard and the animal so strong, that it can
easily walk with 60 lbs. on its back. Its food consists of
fresh insects and the edible fungi, particularly the species
of Clararia. Many persons are in the habit of keepmg
them in their cellars, where they destroy snails, crickets,
and other noxious insects. It may be questioned if they
ever attempt, as has been said, to devour rats and mice ;
they are not well formed for the pursuit of such active
animals, who have too much sense to suffer themselves to
be caught by so sluggish a hunter. The same may be said
of the ridiculous stories of their catching and destroying
snakes. — Leconte.

" This species has been cited as an example of longevity
among animals of the lower class : all tortoises are loug-
lived, but the finding of an individual with a name and date
engraved on its sternum jn-oves nothing ; the idle and foolish
are fond of inscribing their names everywhere, and may as
well antedate the time by half a century as state the true
vear of their attempt at immortahty." — Leconte.

** Claws 5-3. Vertebral plates ^. Onychotria.
Onychotria, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, 16.

2. Cistudo Mexicana. The Three-toed Box Tortoise.
Shell oblong, dark brown, pale spotted and rayed, spots
and rays sometimes confused ; vertebral plates with a nearly
continuous keel, and with a small intermediate one between
the usual fourth and fifth plate ; hinder margin acute, revo-
lute. Head pale brown ; fore-legs yellow or orange spotted,
hinder uniform brown ; sternum flat, gular plate wider in
front and gradually narrowed behhid.

Cistudo (Onvchotria) Mexicana, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1849, 17. Rept. t. 2.
Cistudo Carolina, var.. Bum. Cat. Meth. R. 1 .

Hub. Mexico ; New Orleans.

a. Adult (stuffed). Shell : back high, compressed,

shelving ; plate black, yellow-rayed. Mexico. Mr.
Warwick's Collection.

b. Adult (stuffed). Shell oblong, evenly convex ; plate

yellow, black-marbled. Mexico. JNIr. Warwick's Col-
lection.

11. LUTREMYS.
Head ovate ; forehead rather convex ; cheeks sloping.
Eyes subsuperior. Legs covered with large thick scales
in front ; those of the outer side ovate, keeled ; of the
inner broad, band-like. Toes short, thick, covered with
band-like shields above, well webbed to the ends; claws
5 • 4, short, curved. Tail conical. Shell depressed, rounded.
Sternum broad, rounded before, rather truncated behind,
entirely enclosing the limbs when they are contracted. The
cross suture between the anterior and the posterior lobe in
the middle of the short sterno-costal suture. Axillary and
inguinal plates very rudimentary.

Les Baillantes, Bum. S,- Bib. Erp. Gen. 221 (1835).
Lutreniys (part.), Gray, Cat. Rept. B.M.
Emys ("§ 2. Emvs), Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 164.

Fit:. Syst'. Schihlk. ; Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).

Flemin'q, Phil. Zool. ii. 270.
Emys a, Wugler, Syst. 138 (1830).

1. Lutremys Europsea. The Speckled Tortoise.

Shell depressed, ovate, brown, with radiating lines of
yellow dots ; sternum slightly nicked behind. Head and
body black, yellow-dotted ; tail elongate.

Cistudo Europsea, Gray, Syn. 19 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 31.

Btrm. §• Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 220 ; Cat. Meth. R. 7.

Eichiv. Faun. Casp. Cauc. 44.

Schley el, F. Japan. 52.
Testudo Europsea, Schweiy. Schihlk. 323.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

41

Testudo Europsea, Sfi/iw, Zoo/, iii. t. 8.

Schoepff. Test. t. 1.

Bojani's, Anat. t.

Sturm, Foirna, t. a, b, c.

Wugler, Amph. t. 5. f. 8, 9.
T. flava, Lacep. Q. O. 135. t. 6.
T. punctata, Goftw. Schihlk. t. k. f. 12.
T. orbicularis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 3.51.

11'iilff, Boruss. 3.
T. lutraria. Rondel. Pise. ii. 1 70.

Gesner, Q. O. ii. 113. f. 5.

Aldrov. 710.

BriiuH. AJiiat. 91.
T. pulchella, Schoepf. t. 26, young.
T. Meleagi-is, Shaw, Nat. Misc. iv. 144 (shell polished).
Emys Heilenica, Valenc. Toy. Moreu, t. 8. f. 2.
E. antiquonim, Valenc. Voy. Morea, t. 8. f. 1.
1 E. capensis, Fit:. Syst. Schihlk.
E. Hot'mauni, Fit:. Syst. Schildk.
E. orbicularis, Valenc.
E. Europsea, Valenc. Zool. Morea, t. 8. f. 1 .

Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29 (1843).
E. a. Europea, TVay/er, Syst. 138. t. 5. f. 8, 9.
E. (Emys) lutraria, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 164.

Hab. Europe; France; Sicily; Morea; North Asia;
North Africa ; Algeria ; ? Japan. Mas. Leyden.

/. Young (in spirits) . Shell black, yellow spotted on edge
of shields. Europe. Mr. Brandt's Collection.

b. Shell and dry animal. Brown, yellow-dotted ; 6^ inches.

Europe.

c. Young. Hinder half only, with dry animal. Brown,

paler rayed. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esej.

Testudo pulchella, Schoepff.

d. Young (in spirits). Animal white dotted ; shell pale

brown, brown-rayed. Albania. Presented by W. W.

Saunders, Esq.
g. Adult (stuffed). Europe. From the Haslar Hospital

Museum.
i. Adult (in spirits). Europe. From the Zoological

Society.

k. Adult. Dorsal shell. Shield only ; carious, covered
with a thick rough coat. Presented by H.R.H.
Prince Bonaparte (Charles Lucien).

Osteology : —

Bojanvs, Anat. Test. Europ. t. 1, 31.

Cuv. Oss. Foss. V. 184. t. 11. f. 13-16, skull; t. 12. f. 2,

clavicle.
Emys Europrea, IVagler, Syst. t. 5. f. 20-28.

a. Adult (shell only). Black, yellow rathately dotted.
South Europe.

e. Adult (shell only). Back convex ; plate black, yellow-

lined. Europe. Mus. Zool. Soc.

h. Skeleton. Europe.

The areola of the young specimen is marked with dark-
edged sinuous lines on the discal shields, and a subceutral

ring on the marginal ones ; these marks are sometimes to
be seen on the areola of the plates of the adult. The other
parts of the shields are destitute of any rings, and generally
radiately spotted and streaked.

•1"+ Legs with thin band-like shields in front. Toes broadly
webbed, with small scales above.

12. CUORA.

Head covered with a thin skin, rhombic ; forehead flat ;
cheeks flat. Eyes lateral. Legs strong, covered with broad,
band-like, transverse shields. Toes strong, covered with
distinct band-like shields above, widely webbed to the toes.
Claws 5 ■ 4, strong, curved, acute. Tail moderate. Shell
convex, very solid, three-keeled, at least when young.
Sternum broad, rounded behind and before, completely
closing the cavity of the thorax ; the front lobe large,
affixed behind, with the cross suture nearly in the middle
of the bony sterno-costal symphysis ; anterior lobe large,
with the hinder part enclosed in the symphysis ; sternal
shields 1 2 ; axillary and inguinal shields small, distinct ;
marginal plates 25 ; nuchal plate small. Asia.

Shell convex, like Cistudo. The legs and feet are those
of an Asiatic Emys.

1. Cuora Amboinensis. The Cuoro.
Shell hemispherical, slightly three-keeled, blackish ; mar-
gin broad, expanded ; nuchal shield linear ; sternum black
and yellow varied. Animal blackish, yellow-varied ; head
dark, with two broad yellow streaks on the side from the
nose.

Cistudo Amboinensis, Gray, Syn. 19 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 30 ;

Illiist. Lid. Zool. t.

Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 215. t. 15. f. 2 ; Cat. Meth.
R. 7.
Testudo amboinensis, Baud. Rept. ii. 309.
T. Couro, Leschen. Mus. Par.
Emys Amboinensis and E. Coura, Schiveig. Prodr. i. 214,

31-5.
Terrapene bicolor. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. t. 16.
Emys Couro, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 64.
E. (Pyxidemys) Couro, Fitz. Syst. Schildk. 122.
Terrapene Couro, Fit:.
Emys clausa (part.), Bonap.
E. /J. Couro, iVagler, Syst. 138.
Cistuda Amboinensis fl. Le%'eriana, Gray, Syn. 29.

Hab. Amboina; Batavia ; Sumatra; Manilla; China?
Soohog ; Java. Called Couro (Leschenault).

a. Adult (stuffed). Shell rather elongate ; 6^ inches.

India. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq., F.R.S.

b. Young. Head and feet dry ; shell broad, three-keeled ;

2f inches. Lllust. Ind. Zool. t. 6. Presented by
Dr. J. E. Gray.

42

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

c. Very young (in spirits). With granular shields, and the

costal shields with a keel rather above the centre.
Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming's Collection.

d. Half-grown (inspirits). Granular areola posterior, mar-

ginal. Philippine Islands. From IMr. Cuming's Col-
lection.

e. Half-grown (stuffed). Singapore.

/. Adult (in spirits). Amboina. From the Ley den Mu-
seum.

ff. Half-grown (stuffed). Asiatic Islands. Mr. Warwick's
Collection.

h. Adult (stuffed). Shell ventricose, high. Malacca.
Presented by Commander John Ince, R.N.

fc. Very young (dry). Slightly three-keeled.

Osteology : —

/. Skeleton of adult,
seum.

Amboina. From the Levden Mu-

Ciiora Amboinensis is called " Baninr/ " by the Malays
of the Peninsula ; it is numerous in the ponds, rivulets and
paddy-fields in the valley of Pinang. The dorsal keels
become obsolete with age, and the margms of the shell,
particularly the hinder part, become revolute. — Cantor.

Schlegel regards Eimjs castcmea, E. subitiger, Terrapene
bicolor, Stei-notherus trifasciatus and St. Leachianus as
varieties of this species.

Leconte most erroneously confounds this with Cistudo
Carolina.

2. Cuora trifasciata. The Three-streaked Coura.

Shell subovate, hemispherical, solid, keeled, dull yellow,
red and black varied, with three blackish dorsal streaks.
Sternum bifid behind. Head yellow, with two horizontal
black streaks on the side of the head and neck, upper wider,
with a triangular paler spot in front and two larger oval
ones behind.

Cistudo trifasciata. Gray, Sijn. 19 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 31 ;
Ilhist. Ind. Zool. t.

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 219 ; Cat. Mith. R. 1.
Steruotherus trifasciatus, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 299. t. 1,3.

TVar/ler, Si/st. 137.
Emvs Couro, var., Schlegel, F. Japon. 64.
E. (Pyxidemys) trifasciata, Fitz. Syst. Schildh. 123.
E. trifasciata, Voiyt.

Ilab. China.

a. Adult (stuffed). Shell subovate. China. Presented
by J. Reeves, Esq.

e. Very old (stuffed). Shell oblong, like a. China. Mus.
Zool. Soc.

c. Adult (dry). Shell elevated, thick, worn on the surface.

China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq.

Osteology : —

d. Upper shell only. Like a. China.

b. Very old ; deformed. Shell much depressed and ex-
panded. China. Presented by J. Reeves, Esq.

13. CYCLEMYS.

Head ovate, covered, with a thin skin ; forehead rather
convex. Eyes subsuperior. Legs strong, covered in front
with thin, broad, band-like, transverse shields. Toes strong,
covered with small scales above, webbed to the claws ; claws
5 • 4, short, curved, acute. Tail moderate. Shell convex,
solid, edge-toothed behind. Sternum rounded in front,
truncated behind, narrower than the cavity, not covering
the legs when contracted, with a distinct process on each
side to form the symphysis. The cross suture between the
anterior and posterior lobe in the middle of the long sterno-
costal suture, so that both lobes are equally attached to the
thorax. Asiatic.

This genus has the same shield-like and well-webbed toes
as Einys and Cuora, but differs from the latter in the ster-
nal lobes being narrower than the opening of the thorax, so
that, as in Emys, it does not cover the legs when they are
contracted. This similarity has induced naturalists to place
the species in the genus Emys, overlooking the fact of the
lobes being mobile.

Cyclemvs, Bell, Proc. ZooL Soc. 1842, I/.

Fi'tz. Syst. Kept. 29 (1843).
Les Baillantes (part.). Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 221.

1. Cyclemys dentata. The Dhor. Tab. XIX.

Shell suborbicular ; back flattened, keeled, hinder edge
toothed ; sternal shields yellow, brown-rayed.

Cistuda dentata. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 32.

Emys dentata, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. , lower fig.,

young.
E. Dhor or E. dentata. Gray, Syn. 20. t. 8, 9.
E. Hasseltii, Boie, Mus. Leyd., young.
E. Sjiengleri, var., Schleyel, F. Japon. 51.
Cyclemys orbiculata, Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1824, 17, adult.

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.
Cistnda Diardi, Dutn. (J- Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 227 ; Cat. Meth.

R. S.
" Testudo Diardii," Mus. Leyden.
Tetraonyx affinis. Cantor, Cut. Rept. Malac. 6 1

Hab. Java; Batavia ; Borneo; Pinang (Co»^o/').

Var. 1. Sternum raised on the sides.
Bell, Testudinidee, viii. t. 3, lower figure.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

43

a. Young (ill spirits). Suborbicular, depressed, brown,
black-dotted, bluntl}- keeled, edge acutely toothed ;
vertebral plates square, as broad as long ; sides of neck
and throat yellow-lined ; feet yellow-spotted. Java.
Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq.

h. Young (in spirits). Java. From the Leyden Museum.

d. Half-grown (skeleton). Front dorsal plate broader ;
plates rugose, radiated. Java. Tab. XIX.

Far. 2. Sternum nearly flat, the lobes rather broad, some-
what like a Cuora.
Bell, TestudinidcB, viii. t. 3, upper figure.

Osteology : —

c. Adult (skeleton). First dorsal narrow, urceolate ; plates
worn. Java. From the Leyden Collection.

Dr. Cantor describes three very young specimens of a
Tortoise (the largest being onlv 2^ inches long), which
were taken on the sea-shore of Pinang, under the name of
Tetraonyx affinis. The Malays assert that this Tortoise
also inhabits estuaries and rivers in the Peninsula, and that
it grows to a considerable size. The outline of the shell
and its composing shields strikingly resemble the young of
Cyclemys orbiculata,Me\\\ — Cat. Rept. Penins. C.

There can be little doubt that the above were the young
of this species, which often has only 4 claws on the feet.

2. Cyclemys platynota. The Flat-backed Emys.

Shell ovate, convex, yellow-dotted, with the centre of the
back quite flat, as if truncated ; shields striated ; areola of
diseal shield central, of costal superior ; vertebral shields
broader than long, 6-sided, 5th keeled ; the front and hinder
margin strongly toothed. Sternum flat, truncated before
and slightly nicked behind. Tail moderate, tapering.

Emvs platvnota, Gray, Proc. Zoo/. Sac. 1834 ; Illi'st. Ind.
Zoo/, t." ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 16.
Cantor, Rept. Ma/ay. Penins. 3.
E. Reevesii, adult?, Duni. Cat. Meth. R. 15?

Hab. Sumatra (Miil/er) ; Pinang {Cantor, Cat. 3) ; Co-
chinchina (Diard).

a. Adult (stuffed). Sumatra?

6, c, d. Adult, and half-grown (stuffed). Head yellow,
varied ^vith a broad yellow streak on each side of the
nape; throat yellow-streaked. Singapore. Mr. Wal-
lace's Collection.

e. Young. Shell only, with the ribs about half closed ;
vertebral plate with two costal plates, with one raised
black spot on the middle of tlie hinder edge of the
nucleus. Singapore. Mr. Wallace's Collection.

/. Very young. Shell very thin, with the black spot only
very indistinctly marked.

They are called " Katong " by the Malays in the Penin-
sula. The head and neck, shell, tail and feet of the adult
living animal are dirty yellowish or greenish brown, which
becomes paler on the sternum. The nuclei of the vertebral
shields are slightly raised ; the costal shields are depressed,
their sides sloping towards the nuclei, thus forming as it
were a very shallow hexagonal basis. The front and hind
margins are broadly revolute, their toothed appearance
worn off. The sternum is slightly concave in the centre.
The}- inhabit the valleys of Pinang, and in confinement they
refused to eat, and were never observed to enter a tank. —
Cantor.

e. Sternum divided by two cross sutures ; central /obe at-
tached to the thorax /jy a bony symphysis, corered by
the end of the abdominal shields only ; sternal plat es
11 or S ; the axillary and inguinal plates large.

Emydidffi § a, c. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 13.
Terrapenina, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825).
Terrapene (part.), Merrem, Tent. 27.
Cistuda §, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 270.
Einydidfe a. Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 514.
Cinostcrnon, Spix.

JJ'iegm. ^- Ruthe, Handb. 160.
Kinosternon, Bonap. Obs. Cur. R. A. 266 (1836).
Les Tortues a boites (part.). Baud. Rept.

Cur. R. A. ii. 11 ; ed. 2. ii. 12.
Terrapene, sp., Merrem, Tent.
Staurotypus et Cinostcrnon, TT^agler, Syst. 137.

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 356, 363 ; Cat. Meth. R.
16, 17.

14. KINOSTERNON.

Head moderate, subquadrangular, pyramidal, covered
with a hard thin skin. Chiu bearded. Feet and tail nearly
naked, with a few scattered scales. Claws 5*4, rarely 4 '4.
Tail of male elongate, clawed. Shell ovate, three-keeled,
especially when young. Sternum rounded in front, entire
or two-lobcd behind ; middle lobe covered by the abdo-
minal plates, fixed by a bony symphysis to the thorax ;
front and hinder lobes more or less free, articulated to the
middle lobe : sternal shields 1 1 ; gular pair united into a
triangular shield ; the pectoral shields triangular, narrow
on the inner edges. Axillary and especially the inguinal
plates very large, covering the suture. America.

Terrapene, sp., Merrem.
Sternotherus, Bell.

Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825).
Sternotherus, sp.. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 304.

Fife. Syst. Rept. 29 (184.3).
Ivinostcrnon, Spix, Braz.

Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 302; iii. 515.

H 2

44

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Kinosternon, Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 166.

Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 21 1 (1825) ; Syn. Rept. 24 ; Cat.
Tort. B.M. 32.
Cistudo, sp., Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Set. Philad. iv. 266.
Tortues a boitcs § **, Cuv. R. A.
Cistuda § 2, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 270 (1822).
Cinosteruon, JVagler, Si/st. 137.

Fife. Si/st. Rept. 29.

Wieffm. ^- Riithe, Handh. 166.

Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Gen. ii. 363 ; Cat. MHh.
R. 16.
Cyclemys, sp., Wagler, Syst. 137.

a. Sterno-coslal sidure elongate, narrow ; sternal lobes as broad

as the openiny. Swanka.
/3. Sterna-costal suture short, broad; sternal lobes narrower

than the opening. Kinosternon.

a. Sterno-costal suture elongate, narrow ; sternal lobes as
broad as the opening ; abdominal shield longer than
the front lobe of sternum. Swanka.

Swanka, Gray, Cot. Tort. B.M. 32 (1844).
Cinosteruon, Fitz. Syst. 29.

1. Kinosternon scorpioides. Tlie Swanka.
Shell oblong, ratlier compressed, with three continuous
keels ; dorsal shields longly sis-sided, slightly imbricate ;
sternum as broad and large as the opening ; anterior lobe
entire, broad, longer than the middle lobe ; gular plate long,
triangular; symphysis narrow, as long as the abdominal
shields.

Kinosternon scorpiodes. Gray, Syn. Rept. 24 ; Cat. Tort.
B.M. 32.

Bell, Test. t. . f.
Cinostemon scorpoides, Wagler, Syst. 137. t. 5. f. 31-43.

Dumeril and Bibron, Erp. Ghi. ii. 365 ; Cat. Meth.
R. 16.
Kinosternon Shavianum, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 304.
Cinostemon scorpioideum, Wagler, Syst. t. 5. f. 44.

Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29.
Kinosternon longicaudatum, Sjnx, Bras. t. 12.

Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825).

Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 304.
Chersine scorpoidea, Men-em, Amph. 33.
Cyclemys tricarinata, Wagler, Syst. 137.
Kinosternon brevicaudatum, Spix, Bras. 13,
Testudo scorpoides, Linn. Syst. Xat. i. 152.
Emys scorpoidea, Schweig. Prod. i. 312.
Testudo Pennsylvanica, var., Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 15, young.
T. tricarinata, Baud. Rept. ii. 178.

Schoepf. Test. t. 2.

Shaw,' Zool. ii. t. 11.
T. Retzii, Baud. Rept. ii. 174.
Emys Retzii, Schweig. Prod. 312.
Terrapene tricarinata, Merrem, Tent. 28.

Hub. Central America ; Brazils; Cayenne; Honduras.

Far. 1 . Hinder part of sternum entire.

b. Stuffed (not in good state ; wants dorsal plates ; no ap-

pearance of keels). Central America.

c. Animal dry (shell wants dorsal plates ; no appearance of

keels). Central America.
Kinosternon scorpoides, var. acuta. Gray, Syn. 14. t. 7. f. 1 .

d. Adult (animal and shell, in spirits). Back very convex,

rounded, distinctly three-keeled ; sternum rather con-
vex ; tail very short ; spine very small. Female ?
Tropical America. Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq.

e. Adult (animal and shell, in spirits). Back convex,

rounded, distinctly three-keeled ; sternum flat ; tail
elongate ; claws very strong. Male? Tropical America.

g. Adult (stuffed). Dorsal keels very distinct, vertebral
plates small ; tail elongate. Mexico.

h. Adult (animal, stuffed). Discal plates ver\' irregular;
dorsal keel indistinct. Mexico.

Osteology : —

Cinostemon scorpoides, Wagler, Syst. Amph. t. 5. f. 31—13.

a. Shell only, swollen and convex, wanting some plates.
Dorsal keels only marked by very obscure lines. Cen-
tral i\.merica. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

i. Adult. Back rounded ; dorsal keel only marked by a
very slight line.

Var. 2. Hinder part of sternum notched. Males.

/. Adult (animal, dry). Dorsal keels regular, distinct.
Head very large, broad ; sternum concave ; tail elon-
gate ; claws large. Male ?

VI. Adult (stuffed). Dorsal keels regular, distinct; sternum
concave, truncated behind ; tail elongate ; claws large.
Cayenne. M. Yerreaux's Collection.

h. Adult (shell). Dorsal keels regular, distinct. South
America. Mus. Zool. Soc.

Far. 3. Back depressed.

Cinostemon scorpoides, var.. Bum. Cat. M^th. R. 16.
Eab. Bolivia; Santa Cruze dc la Sierra (D'Orbigny).

2. Kinosternon cruentatum. Blood-spotted Swanka.

Carapace swollen, oval, suddenly inclined behind, three-
keeled, red-brown; sternum not nicked behind, yellow-
brown. Head yellowish-green, darker above ; head, neck
and limbs with small blood-red lines.

Cinostemon cruentatura. Bum. ^- Bib. MSS.
Bum. Cat. Rept. Mus. H. Xat. 10.

Hab. North America (Dumeril).

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

45

/3. Sterno-costal suture short, broad; sternallobes narrower
than the opening ; abdominal shield shorter than front
lobe of sternum. Kinosternon.

Kiuostemon, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 33 (1844).
Staurotypus, sp., Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen.
Sternot'herus, Fit:. Syst. Eejit. 29.

3. Kinosternon Penasylvanicum. The JMud Tortoise.

Sternum oblong, anterior and posterior lobes broad,
rounded, entire ; the gular shield broad, short ; the pectoral
and femoral shields triangular, almost reduced to a point
at the inner margins. Head brown, pale marbled ; temple
with three streaks of small white spots from the hinder
edge of the orbits ; chin white-streaked and dotted ; throat
with three distant, very narrow white streaks.

Shell of young dark brown, with a small dark spot on
the centre of each dorsal and marginal shield, and ^Tith
a moderate round white spot on the under side of each
marginal plate, edging the plate, a large spot on the middle
of each axillary and inguinal plate, and a larger more irre-
gular-shaped one on each sternal plate.

Shell of adult oblong, convex, not keeled, dark brown,
often eroded, yellow-brown beneath.

Shell of males oblong, rather narrow; sternum flat or
slightly concave ; head large ; tail elongate, thick, conical,
with a large terminal claw :— of females oblong, rounded,
broad ; sternum flat or rather convex ; head moderate ;
tail short, conical, with a small terminal spine.

Kinosternon Pennsylvanicum, Gray, Syn. t. C. f. 4 ; Cat.
Tort. B.M. 33.

Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 209.

Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 167.

Be Kay, Rept. New York, 21. t. 1, 2. f. 4.

Wagler, Syst. 13".

Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 367.

Holbrook,N.Amer. Herpet. i. t. 15 ; ed. l.iii. 23. t. 3 ;
ed. 2. 127.
Testudo Pennsylvanica, Bosc, Rept.

Gmelin, Si/st. Nat. i. 1042.

Schoepf. Test. t. 24. f. a.

Shaw,' Zool. t. 14. f. 2.

Baud. Rept. ii. t. 24. f. 1-, 2.

Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. T. iii. 120.
Testudo glntinata, Band. Rept. t. 24. f. 4.

Schoepf. Test. t. 24. f. 6.
Terrapene Boscii, Merrem, Tent.

Sternotherns pennsylvanicus, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211.
Testudo Lutraria Pennsylvanica, Edw. Glean, ii. 77- 1. 287.
Cistudo Pennsylvanica, Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.

iv. 266.
Emvs pennsvlvanica, Schweig. Prod. 315.

■ Harlan, Rept. N. Amer. 79-
Terrapene pennsylvanica, Merrem, Tent. 27.
Mud Tortoise, Penn. Arct. Zool. 80.
Mud Tarapin, Leconte, S. States America.

La Tortue rougeatre, Laeep. Quad. Ovip. i. 152.
Bosc, N. B. H. N. XXXV. 267.

Male.

Kinosternon oblongum, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 33.
Ilab. North America ; New York to New Orleans.

a. Adult (stuffed). Female 1 Shell rounded, much eroded.

North America.
c, d. Young (in spirits). East Florida. Presented by

Edward Doubleday, Esq.

e,f. Young (in spirits). Like c and f/. North America.
Presented byCapt. Sir Edward Belcher, R.N.,C.B. &c.

g. Adult (stuffed). Female. Shell rounded ; sternum en-
tire behind. North America. Presented by H. Double-
day, Esq.
j, h. Half-grown (in spirits). North America.

i, ;'. Just hatched (stuffed). North America.

k, I, m, n, 0. Adult (stuffed). Males and females. North
America ; Louisiana. Mr. Smith's Collection.

In the adult specimens from New Orleans in spirits the
head is dark brown, with irregular white spots on the occi-
put ; all of them have two broad dark-edged streaks from
the back of the orbit, the upper extended along the side of
the neck, the lower to the hinder end of the beak, and aa
intermediate small pale spot on the tympanum ; these
marks all become more obscure on the older specimens.

The young specimens, with the same description of
colouring and from the same locality, vary a little in the
comparative width and form of the lobes of the sternum,
even when they have the same form of tad, wliich is sup-
posed to mark the sexes.

4. Kiuostemon Doubledayii. Doubleday's Swa.nka.
Tab. XX.
Shell narrow, oblong, smooth, sides convex, back flat-
tened ; sternum high on the sides, lobes much narrower
than the cavity, rounded in front, bifid behind, the sym-
physis very short.

Kiuostemon Doubledayii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 33.
Hab. CaUfornia.

a. Shell only (much worn) . California.

Very like the preceding {K. Pennsylvanicum), but tlie
sternum is much move raised on the sides.

5. Kinosternon punctatum. The Dotted Swanka.
Sternum rather lozenge-shaped ; anterior and posterior
lobes rather tapering, with nearly straight edges, the hinder

4(i

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

truncated behind ; the pectoral, and especially the femoral
plates, subtrigoual, moderately broad at the inner margin.
Head brown, minute and closely pale-dotted, with a short
oblitjue dark-edged streak on the hinder margin of the
upper beak ; throat pale-dotted ; thorax brown, with a few
brown dots and a small dark spot at the apex of each dor-
sal and marginal shield ; under side and hinder edge of
marginal shields pale brown varied and lined ; sternum pale,
slightly dotted and marbled with blackish brown.
Hah. North America.

a. In spirits (young). Female. Shell oblong, broad.
Tail small, conical. Shield granular, rounded, entire.
Head bro'ivn, minutely darker dotted ; temples with
three streaks of small white spots from the hinder
edge of the orbit ; chin white streaked and dotted ;
throat with three distant very narrow white streaks.
North America, East Florida {E. Doubleday).

6. Kinostemon Hippocrepis. The Eyebrowed Swanka.

Sternum oblong, anterior lobe broad, rounded, posterior
lobe broad, rather truncated behind ; gular plates very
narrow ; pectoral and femoral jilates triangular, narrow,
reduced nearly to a point on the inner margin. Head
brown, minutely dotted, with a broad pale streak from the
nostril over the eyes to the side of the occiput ; temple
with a second similar streak from the lower part of the
hinder edge of the orbit ; throat brown; Shell of young-
brown, with a few brown dots and a small dark spot at the
apex of each dorsal and marginal shield, and a small pale
spot on the edge of each marginal shield. Sternum pale
brown, shield darker edged ; of adult imiform olive-brown,
with black edges to the shields ; beneath yellowish brown,
darker varied.

Hub. North America ; New Orleans (ilf. iSa/Ze).

a, h. In spirits. New Orleans. M. Salle's Collection.

c. Half-grown (stuffed). The broad yellow band margining
the upper part of the nose and crown is distinct, but
the streaks on the temple are not to be observed in its
])reseut state. The dorsal and marginal shields are
uniform brown, ^vith a narrow margin, especially on
the hinder edge. The pectoral and abdominal plates
are united together in this specimen, so that the front
lobe of the sternum must have been perfectly immove-
able. North America.

7. Kinosternou leucostomum. The White-Mouthed
Swanka.

Carapace ovate, smooth, rather convex, reddish-brown,
hinder part slightly, back very shghtly keeled ; sternum
not notched in front, vellow-broT^^l. Head moderately

large, depressed ; jaws white ; head and neck with some
reddish-yellow spots.

Cinosternon leucostomum. Hum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. .5"0 ;
Cat. Rej)t. Mus. H. Nat. 17.

Hab. North America ; New Orleans ; Mexico; Central
America ; Rio Suraasiuta (Morelet) ; New Grenada.

Doubtful Species.

8. Cinosternon hirtipes, Wagler, Sijst. t. 5. f. 29, 30 ;
Icon. Am ph. t. 30.
Bum. S)- Bib. Erp. Gui. ii. 570 ? ; Cat. Meth. R. 17.

Hab. America. Brazils ?

15. AEOMOCHELYS.

Head moderate, subquadrangular, pyramidal, covered
with a hard skin. Chin bearded. Feet and tail with a
few scattered scales. Toes 5 ■ 4, webbed. Tail of males
clawed. Shell ovate, keeled. Sternum truncated in front,
nicked behind ; middle lobe covered by the abdominal
plates, fixed by a bony symphysis to the thorax ; front and
hinder lobes narrow, more or less mobile and articulated to
the middle lobe. Sternal shields 1 1 ; gular pair united,
rudimentary, linear ; the pectoral shields large, oblong,
four-sided, transverse ; axillary and inguinal plates very
large, covering the suture. America. Odoriferous.

Kinosternou, sp.. Gray.
Cistudo, sp.. Say.
Terrapeue, sp., Merrem.
Sternotherus, sp., Bell, Zool. Journ. ii.
Staurotypus, sp., Dum. ijf- Bib.

1. Aromochelys odoratuin. The Stink-Pot.

Shell oblong, convex, rounded, not or very obscurely
keeled ; shields brown, dark-spotted ; the gular plates tri-
angular ; the humeral plate rather oblique. Head moderate,
with a white streak from the nostril over the eye, and
continued on the side of the neck ; a second streak from the
hinder end of the upper jaw ; neck with distant narrow
yellow streaks.

Kinostemon odoratum. Gray, Syn. Kept. 35. t. 6. f. 1 ;
Cat. Tort. B.M. 34.

Boiiap. Obs. Cup. R. A. ii. 168.
Testudo odorata, Latr. Rept. i. 122.
Baud. Rept. ii. 189. t. 24. f. 3.
Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 122.
Cistudo odorata. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philud. iv.
2(IC, 216.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. iii. 29. t. 4 ; ed. 2. i. 133.

t. 22.
Be Kay, Rept. N. York, 22. t. 7. f. 13.
Testudo Pennsylvanica, var., Schoepff. Test. 1 10. t. 24. f. B.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

47

Testudo glutinata. Baud. Rept. ii. 194. t. 24. f. 4.
Terrapene Boscii, Men-pm, Tent. 23 ?
Sternothems Boscii, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii.
Stemothcrus odorafus, Grmj, Ann. Phil. x. 2!1.

Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 299.

Fife. Sijst. Rept. 29.
Terrapene odorata, Merrem, Tent. 23.
Emys odorata, Schweic/. Prod. 313, 437.

Harlan, N. H. 80.
E. glutinata, Merrem, Tent. 24.
Mud Tarapen, Leconte, Southern States America.
Staurotypus odoratus. Bum. ^■Bilj.Erp. Gen. ii. 358 ; Cat.
Mith. R. 16.

Hab. North America ; New York ; New Orleans.

a. Adult (stuffed). Shields spotted. North America;

Louisiana. Mr. Smith's Collection.

b. Young (in spirits). IMinutely pale brown speckled;

head with a white streak "over each eye, and two
streaks from the back edge of the orbit ; throat brown,
with a broad streak of white spots. Delaware. Pre-
sented by H. Doubleday, Esq.

M. Leconte observes : " The synonyms cpioted to this
species show more plainly the absurdity of the proposed
divisions of the Tortoise family than anything which I
can say." This was perfectly just, as they were divided in
1833.

Schlegel regards Emijs Pennsylvanica, E. odorata, Stau-
rofi/pus triporcatus, and Kinosternon hirtipes as varieties
of the same species.

2. Aromoclielys carinatum. The Keeled Stink-Pot.
Tab. XX. a.

Shell oblong, convex, sharply keeled ; shields grey-brown,
purple-brown spotted aud streaked, and with a broad dark
hinder edge ; gular shield very small, linear, transverse ;
the humeral plate oblong, transverse, like but smaller than
the pectoral. Head brown ; crown and cheeks black-dotted
(without any streaks) ; neck black-varied.

Hab. North America ; Louisiana.

'/, b, c, e. Adult (stuffed). Mr. Smith's Collection.
Osteology : —

d. Young shell only. Pale brown ; bleached ? North
America.

16. STAUROTYPUS.

Head large, covered with a hard skin ; chin bearded.

Feet and tail with a few scattered scales. Claws 5-4.

Shell ovate, three-keeled. Sternum very narrow, acute

before and behind ; middle lobe covered with the abdo-
minal plate, which is produced on each side over the narrow
bony symphysis. Sternal plates 8 ; the gular, humeral and
pectoral plates of each side united into one ; femoral and
anal shields small, distinct ; axillary and inguinal plates,
especially the latter, large, covering the narrow suture.
America.

Staurotypus, TFar/Ier, Si/st. Ainph. 137.

Grai/, Cat. Tort. B.M. 34.

Fitc. S>/st. Rept. 29.
Staurotypus (part.). Dim. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 356 ; Cat.

Meth. iJ. 16.
Terrapene, sp., Wiegmann.

1. Staurotypus triporcatus. The Cross Emys.
Tab. XX. b.

Shell oblong, convex, brown, three-keeled, the central
one very large, high aud cultrate behind, side ones highest
in front ; vertebral plates long, imbricate, nuchal plates
short, broad ; edge indented on the side, expanded and
toothed behind. Head depressed, spotted and lined with
white ; chin two-bearded ; neck thick.

Kinosternon triporcatum. Gray, Syn. Rent. 76 , Cat. Tort.

B.M. 34.
Terrapene triporcata, Wiegm. Ms, 364 (1828).
Staurotypus triporcatus. Bull. Sci. Nat. xvii. 293.

TT'agler, Si/st. 137. t. 5. f. 44, 45 ; Icon. t. 23.

Fitc. Si/st. Rept. 29 (1843).

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 356 ; Cat. Meth. R. 16.

Hab. North America ; Mexico ; Central America ; Rio
Sumasinta.

a. Young (in spirits). Pale brown, varied with black.

Mexico.

b. Adult. The anal plates united into one. Mexico.

Head of young animal, in spirits, large, dark brown,
with small specks which are sometimes confluent into tor-
tuous lines ; temple dark, with a broad white streak from
the gape, ending in a narrow white ring round the tvm-
panum ; throat with some irregular white streaks ; lower
jaw with two white streaks in front ; chin with two small
beards, aud a large oblong black gland ou each side of the
edge of the lower beak outside of the beards. Thorax
black-brown, with some broad pale marblings on each dorsal
and marginal shield ; a black subcentral spot on each axil
lary and inguinal plate ; the sternal shield black, with an
irregular white margin.

48

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

B. Head and tail very large ; sterno-costal symphysis

covered with one or three peculiar plates.

Emydidse § B, Gray, Cat. Tort. 13.

a. Sternum cross-like, acute before; sternal plates 10,
with a broad one on each side, over the sides of the
sternum (the displaced abdominal 1).

Emydidse §B, Gray, Cat. Tort. 13 (1844).

17. CHELYDRA.
Head large, rugose, covered with a soft skin ; chin two-
bearded ; neck very thick, tubercular. Limbs large and
strong, tubercular. Tail long, large, with three longitu-
dinal series of compressed tubercles. Shell depressed,
toothed behind ; marginal scales simple, in a single series.
Sternum slender, cross-like, acute at each end, centre coria-
ceous ; sternal plates five pairs, very thin, skin-hke, the
nanow lateral prolongation of the sternum covered by a
peculiar plate (perhaps the removed abdoraiual) ; gular
plate small, united into a triangular plate ; marginal plate
regular, in a single series. Claws 5 '4. America.

Chelvdra, Schweiy. Mem. Kamiysb. (1812).

'Fit:. Syst. Rejjt. 20 (18-13).

TT'ieym. ^- Ruthe, Handb. 1G6.
Chelonura, Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 2/0 (1822).

Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 515 (1828).

Holbrook, N. A. Hapet. i. 147.

Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R.J. I/O.
Emys § *, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 210 (1825).
Rapara, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 210 (1828).
Emvsaurus (Emysaure), Dum. ^' Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 349 ;

Cat. Meth. R. \5.
Emysaura, Dmn. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 350.
" Emydosaurus, Dmn. ^- Bib.," Gray (misprint).
Le Saiirochelys (Saurochelys), Latr. Fam. Nat. R. A.
Les Chelydes, Cuv. R. A. ii. 12; ed. 2. ii. 13.

1. Chelydra serpentina. The Alligator Terrapen.
Tail with a central scries of compressed tubercles.
Beards on neck and chin small. Shell oblong, depressed,
centre impressed, doubly keeled, bluntly toothed behind.
Younger : Shell three-keeled, hinder edge sharply toothed.
—Schoepff. Test. t. 6.

Chelydra serpentina, Schweig. Prod. 293. 420.
Gray, Si/n. Rept. 3G.
Wagler', Amph. 136. t. 5. f. 4G, 47.

C. Lacertina, Schweig. Prod. 293.

Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29.
Testudo serrata, Penn. (not Shaio) Cat. Liverpool Mus. t.
T. Serpentina, Linn. Syst. Nat. 351.

Schoepfj-. Test. t. 6 (young).

Band. Rept. ii. 98. t. 20. f. 2.

Shaw, Zool. t. 19.

Emysaura serpentina, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 127.

Dvm. ^-Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 350. t. 17. f. 1.
Testudo longicauda, Shaw, Mus. Coll. Surg.
Serrated Tortoise, Penn. Arct. Zool. App. 46.
Alligator Tarapin, Southern States N. America.
Loggerhead or Snapping Turtle, Northern States N. Amer.
Chelonura (serpentina), Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 270 (1822).

Say, Jouru. Acad. Philad. iv. 206.

Bonap. Obs. Cuv. R. A. 171 (1836).

Harlan, Amer. Herpet. 81.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ed. 2. i. 139. t. 23.

Be Kay, Rept. N. York, 8. t. 3. f. 6.
Rapara serpentaria. Gray, Bonap. I. e.
Emysaurus serpentina, Bum. ^- Bib. Cat. Meth. R. 15.

Hab. North America, from New England to Florida.

a. Y'oung animal (stuffed). North America. Presented

by Gen. Ilardwicke.

b. Adult (stuffed). North America.

c. Young (in spirits). New Orleans. M. Salle's Collec-

tion.

d. Half-grown (stuffed). North America.

e. Adult (stuffed). North America. Mr. Argent's Col-

lection.
h & i. Half-grown (stuffed). North America ; Louisiana.
Mr. Smith's Collection.

OsTKOLOGY. Tab. XXXVIII. fig. 1, Tab. XL. fig. 2,

skull (half-grown).
Tortue serpentine, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 185, skull.

/. Skull (half-grown) . North America. Presented by the
Zoological Society.

g. Skeleton (young). North America. M. Parzudaki's
Collection.

" This species is very voracious in its habits, and destroys
great quantities of fish ; it is also more ferocious than any
other, and will seize with violence at anything presented to
it, and not let go its hold even when the head is separated
from the body. The wound inflicted by its bite is very
severe. It is much sought after as an article of food : when
old the flesh is musky." — Leconte. ^

18. MACROCLEMYS.
Head very large, covered with numerous symmetrical,
smooth, horny j)lates ; chin two-bearded. Neck thick, with
large beards, horny at the tip. Tail conical, with a central
series of compressed tubercles. Claws 5 • 4, strong. Back
• convex, three-keeled, toothed behind. Marginal plates 31,
produced, subtubercular, those on the centre of each side in
a double series. Skull : nose produced in front ; palate
deeply concave. Sternum slender, cross-like, acute at each

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

49

end ; sternal plates six pair, thin ; the narrow lateral pro-
longations of the sternum covered with a pecuhar plate,
and often having some additional ones between it and the
sternal plates on the inner and marginal plates on the outer
side ; gular and anal plates small, generally united, trian-
gular.

1. Macroclemys Temminckii. Temminck's Snapper.

Carapace strongly three-keeled, rounded, deeply serrated
behind.

Emys Lacertina, Bum. ^ Bib. MSS.

Chelonura Temminckii, Troost, MSS., in Holbrook, N. A.

Herpet. i. 147. t. 24.
Emysaurus Temminckii, Buin. Cat. Rept. Mus. H. N.\&.

Hub. North America.

a. Adult. North America (Mississippi). From the Zoo-

logical Society.

b. Adult. North America (Mississippi). Mr. Smith's

Collection.

e. Adult (stuffed). Very large. North America ; Louisi-
ana. Mr. Smith's Collection.

Osteology. Tab. XXXVIII. fig. 2; Tab. XXXIX •

Tab. XL. fig. 1, skull (adult).

d. Skeleton. North America. Presented by John Dillon,
jun., Esq.

b. Sternum broad, truncated before; sternal plates 12;
sterno-costal suture covered with three or four addi-
tional plates, and with the ends of the pectoral and
abdominal plates.

Emydidee § B. e. Gray, Cat. Tfirt. B.M. 13.

19. PLATYSTERNON.

Head very large, covered with a thick hard horny case ;
jaws very strong. Neck very thick, short, subretractile,
with small granular scales. Limbs yery large, coutractUe,
not capable of being retracted into the shell, covered vrith
long lunate scales in front, and fringed on the outer hinder
sides. Toes 5 • 4, webbed to the claws ; claws very strong.
Tail elongate, cylindrical. Shell depressed, expanded, thin,
covered with thin horny shields. Sternum flat, broad,
truncated in front and behind, united to the thorax by a
bony symphysis, covered with the ends of the pectoral and
abdominal plates, and three small additional shields between
them and the marginal plates. Axillary and inguinal plates

small or none. Sternal shields 1 2 ; gular pair very short,
broad, band-hke. Asia.

Platysternon, Gray, Proc.Zool. Soc. 1831, 106; Cat. Tort.
B.M. 35 (1844).

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. G^n. ii. 345 ; Cat. Meth. R. 15.
Schlegel, F. Japan. 49.
Clemmys (Platysternon), Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.

1. Platysternon megacephalum. The Helmeted
Terrapen.

Deep brown, edge of the shields grooved and slightly
radiately striated. Head brown-rayed ; cheeks pale spotted ;
sternum pale yellowish.

Platysternon megacephalum. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831,
lOG ; Ilhcsf. Ind. Zool. t.
Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 345. t. 16. f. 2 ; Cat. Meth

R. 15.
Schlegel, F. Japon. 49.
Clemmys (Platysternon) megacephalum, Fitz. Syst. Rept.
29.

Hab. China.

a. Stuffed (half-grown). China. Presented by J. R.

Reeves, Esq. (Figured Illust. Ltd. Zool. t. .)

b. Stuffed (adult). China. Gardens of the Zoological

Society.

Head .

20. DEKMATEMTS.

Toes ? Claws

? Shell oblong,
convex, not keeled, sides rounded ; hinder edge expanded,
slightly reflexed, covered with very thin membranaceous
shields ; hinder marginal shield broad. Sternum flat,
rounded in front, notched behind ; the gular plates small,
triangular, united to the upper shell by a bony symphysis,
covered with the end of the pectoral and abdominal plates ;
the sterno-costal sutures covered with four moderate-sized,
distinctly defined plates ; the anterior small, and two hinder
largest. The axillary and inguinal plates none. The cavity
of the shell is scarcely contracted at the opening. South
America.

Derniatemys, Gray, Ann. 4' Mag. Nat. Hist. 1847, 60 ;
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 55.
TTiegm. Arch. 1848, 197.

1. Dermatemys Mawii. Mawes' Dermatemys.
Tab. XXI.

First vertebral plate seven-sided ; second, third and
fourth longer than broad. Shell pale brown, upper surface
covered with small close irregular depressions of a darker
brown colour ; shields pale, nearly transparent, very brittle

50

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

when dry ; under surface uniform pale yellowish-wliite,
with slightly sunken grooves.

" Emys Mawii, Bibron," Eraser's Cat. Mus. Zool. Soc.

no. 6899.
Dennatemvs Mawi, Gray, Ann. ^ Mag. Nat. Hist. 1 847, 60 ;
Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, 36.
TTieffm. Arch. 1848, 167.
Emys Berardii, Bum. 4' Sib. MSS.

Bum. Cat. Mus. Hist. Nat. ii. no. 9* (1851).

Hab. South America {Lieut. Mawe).

a. Shell: length 17; width 11. Sternum: length 12^
inches. From the Museum of the Zoological Society.

The specimen, which is not quite full-grown, has much
the external appearance of Phrynops Geoffroyii, and the
general thinness of the scales of the Chelydidce ; but there
is no appearance of any scar on the inner surface of the
sternum for the attachment of the pelvis, and though the
gular scale is worn and nearly obliterated, yet it is suf-
ficiently distinct to show that it has no intergular plate.

Emys Berardii of Dumeril's Catalogue of the Paris Mu-
seum is perhaps intended for this species. It is thus
described : —

" Shell yellow-brown, irregular, rugose, with a multitude
of small vermiculations ; elongate, suboval, narrowed above
the fore legs, rather sinuous behind ; hinder part of back
slightly keeled ; nuchal small, short ; first vertebral pro-
duced in front. Chest yellow, entire in front, notched be-
hind. Head uniform brown, flat, broad, rather large ; jaws
toothed. Toes broad-webbed. Tail strong, rather long.

"Hab. South America {Mawe) ; Vera Cruz {Berard)."

This is more likely to be the case, as Mr. Fraser's note,
in the Catalogue of the Museum of the Zoological Society,
shows that M. Bibron must have examined it, and these
authors give the habitat as " South America {Mawe)," in
their account of the species. If this be the case, !M. Bibron
must have changed the name after his return to Paris.

Fam. III. CHELYDID.ffi; (Chelides).

Head much depressed, broad, covered with a soft skin or
hard shields ; nostrils elongate, tubular ; eyes superior ;
jaws horny. Neck long, broad, contractile, bent under the
side of the shell in repose. Feet webbed. Toes 5 • 5,
deeply webbed, with a lobe between each claw. Claws
5 • 5, 5 • 4, or 4-4, elongate, acute. Shell depressed,
covered with horny shields ; caudal pair always separate.
Sternum attached to the thorax by a short bony suture.

covered with the outer ends of the pectoral and abdominal
plates, and with an additional intergular plate in front.
The axillary and inguinal plates very small or none. Pelvis
large, united to the vertebra and the hinder lobe of the
sternum, leaving a scar. Living in ponds and rivers, ui
warm climates. Eating flesh ; feeding only in the water :
swimming with their whole shell under water.

Emys § ***, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825), and note.
Chehdina, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825).
Eraydse (part.), Swainson, Lard. Cyclop. 344.
CheUdridae (part.), Swainson, Lard. Cyclop. 343.
Hydraspides, Fit:. Syst. Kept. 29 (1843).
Chelydse, fJ'iegmann, Herp. Mex.

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 30 (1843).
Phvllopodochelones (part.), Bitten, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur.xiv.

269 (1828).
Chersydrochelones (part.), Ritzen, I. c. 269.
Amydse (part.), Ritzen, I. c. 269.
HydraspicUna, Bonap. Tab. Analit. 8 (1836).
Clielina, Bonap. Tab. Analit. 8 (1836).
Terrapene (part.), Bonap. Saggio Anim. Vert. 12 (1832).
Chelydae, IVieym. ^- Ruthe, Handb. 169.
Chelydoides & Emydoides (part.), Fitz. Neue C/ass.(1826).
Emys, sp., Brongn. (1803).

Oppel, Rept. (1811).

Merrem, Tent. 23.

Cta: R. 4. (1817).
Testudines steganopodes (part.), TTagler, Syst. 133.
Testudinida chehna and T. testudinina (jiart.), Bonap.

Saggio Anim. Vert. 13 (1832).
Tortues paludines ou Cheloniens Elodites, § 2. Pleuroderes,
Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 374 ; Cat. Meth. R. 17.

In the Annals of Philosophy for 1825, 1 formed a section
oi Emys (***) for Emys longicollis — " Toes 4'4 ; sternum
thirteen-scaled," — and remarked: " The plastron of the last
subgenus is covered with thirteen scales, that is, six pair
marginal, and an unequal-sided hexagonal one in the middle
of the anterior lobe." I have only observed an approximating
distribution of the plates in a species of Sternotherus ; all
the other Emyda that I have seen have had only the six
pair of marginal plates, the first pair sometimes soldered so
as to form only eleven plates.

Mr. Bell, after stating that the same number of sternal
plates exists in Sternotherus Leachianus and the two
species of Chelys (see Zool. Journ. iii. 512, 1838), over-
looked the other anatomical characters which unite these
genera, and made no proposal to unite them into a natural
group.

Dumeril and Bibron in their large work merely change
the name of the family as given in my Synopsis.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

51

Synopsis of the Genera.

A. Head moderate, depressed. Beaks naked. Intergular plate
marginal.

a. Claws 5 ■ 5. Head shielded.

1. Sternothffirus. Front lobe of the sternum mobile, with a long

internal process on each side.

2. Felomednsa. Front lobe of the sternum fixed.

b. Claws 5 ■ 4. Head with a thin skin, or subshielded.

3. Flatemys. Head covered with a continuous skin ; neck

warty on the sides. Shell depressed, light, sides revolute.

4. Hydraspls. Head with many small shields. Shell depressed,

thin, light, sides revolute ; cavity not contracted.

5. Chelymys. Head with many small shields. Shell convex,

very solid, strengthened with two compressed diverging
bony folds in front, sides revolute.

B. Head large or very large.

c. Claws 5 • 4. Head flat, depressed; beaks naked; chin not

bearded.

6. Chelodlna. Intergular plate within the margin ; nuchal plate

small on the margin. Jaws naked.

7. Hydromedusa. Intergular plate on the margin ; nuchal plate

large, hke the vertebral, and within the margin. Jaws
warty at the angles.

d. Claws 5 • 4. Head flat, much depressed ; beaks covered with

fleshy lips ; chin bearded; intergular plate marginal.

8. Chelys. Shell depressed, three-keeled.

e. Claws 5 • 4. Head convex, rounded, covered with hard shields ;

beaks naked.

9. Peltocephalus. Head subquadrangular ; upper jaw hooked.

Feet slightly webbed.

10. Podocnemis. Head subdepressed, with a groove in front ;

u])per jaw slightly arched. Feet broadly webbed.

A. Head moderate, depressed. Beaks naked. Intergular
■ jjlate margitial, between the gular pair.

a. Claws 5*5. Head shielded.
Chelydidae A. a. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 36 (1844).

1. STERNOTH.ffiEUS.

Shell roundish, rather convex, side plates narrow, frout
one very short and square. Nuchal plate none. Sternum
broad, front lobe rounded before, moveable, and furnished
on each side of its hinder edge with an internal bony pro-
cess, covered by the gular, humeral and pectoral plates ;
central lobe only covered by the abdominal plates ; hinder
lobe bifid, with an internal scar. Intergular plate marginal,

between the gular. Beaks naked. Toes short, strong,
shielded above, shortly webbed. Claws 5 • 5, strong, sharp.

Sternothserus, Bell, Zool. Jotirn. ii. 514.
Siemotherus, Gray, Sg7i. Rept. (18 ); Cat. Tort.

B.M. 36.

Di(m. ^- Bib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 397 ; Cat. Meth. R. 19 (not
Fitzinger) .
Pelusios, n^agler, Sysf. 137 (1830).

Fitc. Syst. Repf. 29.
Sternothserus and Terrapene, sp.. Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. 305.
Terrapene, sp., Merrem, Tent.
Kinosternou §, Bonap. Saggio Anim. Vert. 12.

The genus Sternothcerus of Mr. Bell {Zool. Journ. ii.
305) is exactly synonymous with one of Daudin's sections
of the Tortues ii holies, and contains species of the genera
Cistudo, Kinosternon, and the present genus, Sternothcerus.

Mr. Bell, in his second paper (Zool. Journ. iii. 515),
gives as the type S. Leachianus, which is the same as
Terrapene nigricans of his former paper {Zool. Journ. ii.
305) ; — placing the genus with the other Box Tortoises in
Finydid<E, between Terrapene (claiisa) and Kinosternon.

In my Synopsis of Reptiles I defined the genus so as to
confine it to the species similar to that type ; and Dumeril
and Bibron, in their work, adopted my views. Wagler
uses Pelusios for the same group.

Wagler {Syst. Rept.) quotes Mr. Bell's first species, S.
trifaseiatus, as the type of his genus.

* "Muzzle elongated, conical ; upper Jaw hooked." —
Dumeril.

1. Sternothserus niger. The Black Sternoth^rus.

Shell oval, short, swollen, narrower in front, deep black ;
mu2zle elongate ; upper jaw hooked, covering the lower.
Head elongate, with two large parietal, a long fronto-nasal,
and a moderate frontal shield ; upper jaws hooked.

Stemotherus niger. Bum. Sf Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 397; Cat.
Meth. iJ. 19.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 37.

Hab. Madagascar ? Mus. Paris.

In the text, MM. Dumeril and Bibron refer their figure
t. 20.f. 1, to this species; but on the plates and in the
explanation of the plates they name it S. castaneus, and it
agrees with the latter in having a short head.

** Muzzle short, rounded.

2. Sternothaerus subniger. The Blackish Sterno-

TH^RUS.

Vertebral plates square, as long as broad, the fourth

I 2

52

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

broader than long ; two anterior marginal plates narrower
than the first vertebral ; sides of the hinder lobes of the
sternum contracted in front ; muzzle rounded. Jaws pale
yellowish.

Sternotherus subniger, Gray, Syn. 38; Cat. Tort. B.M. 37.
La Tortue noinitre, Lacep. Q. O. i. 175. t. 13.
Testudo subniger, Lacep. by Bechst. i. 260.

Latr. Rept. i. 89. f. 1.

Baud. Rept. ii. 197.
Terrapene nigricans, Merrem, Tent. 28.
Sternotherus nigricans. Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 399 ;

Cat. Meth. R. 19.
Emys Couro, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 64.
Pelusios subnia;er, JVagler, Syst. 137.

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.
Emys subniger, Schweig. Prod. i. 315, 438.

Hab. Africa ; Madagascar.

a. Adult animal (dry) ; shell worn. Africa.

b. Adult (stuffed) ; shields slightly grooved. Madagascar.

From the Paris Museum.

c. Half-grown (in spirits) ; lost its dorsal shields ; shell

short, rounded and convex.

3. Stemothserus castaneus. The Natal Sternoth.erxjs.

Vertebral plates broad, nearly square, nearly as long as

broad, the fourth six-sided, longer than broad. Jaws pale

yellow. Sides of the hinder lobes of the sternum straight.

Sternotherus castaneus. Gray, Syn. Rept. 38 ; Cat. Tort.
B.M. 37.

Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 401. t. 20. f. 1 ; Cat. Meth.
R. 19.
Emys castanea, Schweig. Prod. 324. no. 38.
E. Couro, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japan. 64.
Testudo subnigra ;S, Baud. Rept. ii. 198.
Sternotherus Leachianus,i?e//,Zoo/. Jrarw.ii. t. 14(young?).
S. sinuatus, A. Smith, Illust. Zool. S. Africa, t. 1.
Pelusios castaneus, TJ'agler, Syst. 137.

Hab. South Africa; Madagascar (Qj/oy).

a, b. Adult (stuffed). Two anterior marginal plates nar-
rower than the first vertebral. Sternum of {a) flat, of
(b) concave. Port Natal. From Dr. Krauss's Col-
lection.

Osteology : —

c. Adult shell. Vertebral jilate bluntly keeled ; two ante-
rior marginal plates nearly as broad as the first verte-
bral. Sierra Leone ?

The figure above cited of Sternotherus sinuatus of
Dr. A. Smith is very like specimen " e," but the first
vertebral plate is broader and not so long.

4. Stemothaerus Derbianus. Lord Derby's Sterno-
therus. Tab. XXII.

Shell oblong, convex, rounded ; vertebral shields narrow,
six-sided, much longer than broad, the last subtriangular.
Head broad, the parietal and crown plates united into
one ; muzzle bluntly rounded ; the sternum broad, with the
hinder portion scarcely contracted in front, the front much
rounded ; the central gular plate broad ovate, angular be-
hind ; two anterior marginal shields as wide as the front
vertebral. Jaws dark-lined.
Sternothoerus Derbianus, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 37.

Hab. West Africa.

a. Adult (stuffed). Vertebral plates elongate, very narrow,

half as long again as broad. West Africa ; Gambia.
Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Osteology : —

b. Adult shell. Vertebral plates square, rather longer than

broad. West Africa ; Sierra Leone.

This species is separated from iS. castaneus and S. sub-
niger by the shape of the vertebral plates, which in these
species are broad, sLx-sided ; in the S. castaneus they are
nearly as broad as long, and in the .S'. subniger the third
and fourth are broader than long, and the fourth is ovate
and swollen behind. Perhaps they may all prove only to
be varieties of the same species, or dependent on age.

5. Stemothserus Adansonii. Adanson's Sterno-

TH-ERUS.

Shell oval, fulvous, brown-spotted, back strongly keeled ;
front vertebral plates much longer than broad. Sternum
mobile in front, yellow, more or less varied with reddish-
brown. Head flat, broad ; tail short.

Pelomedusa? Adansonii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 38.

Emys Adamsonii, Schweig. Prod. 308. 27.

Hvdrasi)is Adansonii, Gray, Syn. 40.

Pe'ntonyx Adansonii, Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 394.

Sternotherus Adamsonii, Bum. ^ Bib. Cat. Meth. R. 19.

Hab. Cape de Verde ; White Nile. Mus. Paris.

2. PELOMEDUSA.
Head much depressed, shielded with two narrow frontal
shields, separated by a groove, a large vertebral shield, and a
large cheek-shield on each side. Chin two-bearded. Beaks
exposed. Neck broad. Legs with strong band-hke shields
in front, quite retractile. Toes short, strong, shielded
above, webbed to the tips, mth a large rounded lobe

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

53

between each claw. Claws 5 ■ 5, elongate, sharp. Shell
depressed, sides narrow, revolute. Nuchal none. Sternum
solid, rather narrow, truncated in front, narrower and nicked
behind. lutergular shield small, marginal ; sterno-costal
suture covered by the end of the pectoral and abdominal
plates. Africa.

Pelomedusa, Wagler, Sijst. 136 (1830).

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 39..

Fitz. Sijst. Rept. 29.
Pentonyx, Bii/jpe!/, 3ISS. Mvs. Frank. (1831).

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 390 ; Cat. Mcth. R. 18.
Hydraspis (galeata), sp., Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 51.5.

* Pectoral shields small, short, triangular ; humeral large ;
occiput with small shields. Pentonyx.

1. Pelomedusa Gehafiae. The Gehafia.
Olive ; shields radiately and concentrically grooved ; be-
neath pale yellowish-white, very slightly keeled ; pectoral
shields triangular, not reaching to the central line.

Pelomedusa Gehafiae, Gra;/, Cat. Tort. B.M. 38.
Pentonyx Gehafiae, Riippell, Mus. Frank. (1831).
Bum. Cat. Meth.R. 18.

Hab. Abyssinia.

a. Adult (stuffed). Abyssinia. From Dr. Riippell' s Col-

lection.

b. Young. Abyssinia. Dr. Riippell's Collection.

** Pectoral and humeral shields equal, oblong, four-sided,
tran.werse ; occiput largely shielded. Pelomedusa.

2. Pelomednsa subrufa. The Pelomedusa.

Shell brown, olive, ovate oblong ; first vertebral plate
short, very broad in front.

Pelomedusa subrufa, Graij, Cat. Tort. B.M. 38.
Testudo subrufa (La Roussatre), Lacep. Q. O. i. 173. t. 12 ;

Enc;/. Mcth. t. 6. f. 3.
Testudo subrufa, Lotr. Rept. i. 120.

Baud. Rept. ii. 132.
Emys subrufa, Schweig. Prod. 308. 26.
Hydraspis subrufa. Gray, SyA. 40.
Testudo scabra, Retz.
T. badia, Bound. Zool. Beytr. iii. 34.
T. galeata, Schoepf. Test. 12. t. 3. f. 1 (young).

Latr. Rept. i. 152.

Shaw, Zool. iii. 57. t. 12. f. 3.

Baud. Rept. ii. 136.
Emys galeata, Schweig. Prod. 307. no. 25.

Schlegel, Faun. Jajjon. 44.

TFagler, Sysf. 132. t. 2. f. 36, 44.
E. olivacea, Schweig. Prod. 307. 24 (young).
Pentonyx capensis, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 390. t. 19.

f. 21 ; Cat. Meth. R. 18.
Testudo senegalensis. Baud. Rept.

Pelomedusa galeata, Wagler, Syst. 136 (1830), t.2. f.36,37.
Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.

Hab. Africa; Cape of Good Hope; Madagascar; Senegal.

Far. 1. Shields smooth, or with only a few concentric an-
nular grooves.

a. Adult (stuffed). Plates worn smooth. Cape of Good

Hope. Presented by Dr. J. E. Gray.

b. Young (dry) ; only two legs. Shields slightly concen-

trically grooved. Cape of Good Hope.

c. d, e. Very young (dry, from spirits). Shields smooth,

slightly concentrically grooved. Cape of Good Hope.
Presented by J. S. Bowerbank, Esq.

h. Young (m spirits). South Africa. Mr. Bartlett's Col-
lection.

i &j. Young (in spirits). South Africa. From the Zoo-
logical Society.

k. Adult (stuffed). South Africa.

Far. 2. Black, grey-black spotted ; shields all with close,
rather granular, radiating ridges and concentric
grooves ; areola small.

g. Adult (stuffed). Black ; areola small. South Africa ;
Cape of Good Hope. Mr. Warwick's Collection.

/. Young (stuffed) ; wantmg sternum. South Africa. Pre-
sented by J. S. Bowerbank, Esq.

Osteology : —

Pelomedusa galeata, Wagler, Syst. t. 2. f. 38-44.

Toung, when alive, pale olive-green.

*** Boubtful species.

3. Pelomedusa Mozambica, Peters, MSS. (1848).
Hab. Mozambique (Mus. Berlin).

4. Pentonyx AyiEKic an a, Cornalia, Ferteb. Syn. in Mus.

Mediolanensi, 13 (1849).

Testa oblouga, in medio coarctata, minime carinata, scutis
distiuctis ohvaceo-brunneis flavo-maculatis tribus lineis cas-
taneis circumdatis.

Hab. New York (!).

b. Claws 5 • 4. Head covered with a thin skin, entire, or

divided into small flexible shields.
Chelydidae A. b. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 36.

3. PLATEMYS.
Head moderate, flat, covered with a continuous thin skin.
Temple with small scales. Beaks naked, weak. Chin two-

54

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

bearded. Neck warty on the sides. Hind legs with a series
of three or four large compressed scales, forming a large
compressed lobe on the outer edge. Legs with large hex-
agonal scales in front. Toes strong, with a few broad shields
above, webbed. Claws 5 • 4, acute. Shell oblong, depressed,
flattened above, lateral margin revolute. Nuchal plate
distinct ; anterior vertebral plates broad, large. Sternum
solid, not mobile, rounded in front, deeply notched behmd.
Tropical America.

Platemys, Wayler, Sijst. 135 (1835).

Platemys, sp.. Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. G^n. ii. 407 ; Cat. MMh.
R. 20.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 41.

1. Platemys plamceps. The Doubly-keeled
Platemys.

Shell quadrangular, fulvous, marked on each side of the
disk with a large black spot ; back with two rounded keels,
separated by a broad groove ; costal plates not arched ;
sternum black, yellow-edged ; margin yellow, with trian-
gular brown spots. Head covered with a thin single plate ;
crown yellow.

Hydraspis plamceps,G/-a(/,5y«.i?e;j/.40; Caf.Tort.B.31.39.
Testudo planiceps seu platycephala, Schneid. Berl. Naturf.

iv. t. 16.

Sehoepf. Test. 115. t. 27.
Emvs planiceps, Schweig. Prod. 303. no. 16.
Platemvs planiceps, Wagler, Si/st. 135.

Ftf^. St/sf. Rept. 29.
E. platycephala, Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 45.
Testudo Alartinella, Baud. Rept. viii. 344.
Platemys Martinella, Bum. i|- Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 407; Cat.

Mtth. R. 20.
Emys canaliculata, Spix, Bras. t. 8. f. 1, 2.
Platemys canaliculata, Wagler, Si/st. t. 4. f. I, 2, 3.
? Emys discolor, Thnnb. MS. Schweig.
1 E. Schoepffii, Wiegmann.

Hab. Brazils ; Cayenne ; Surinam.

a. Adult (in spirits) ; lost part of the shields. Guiana.

h. Adult (in spirits) ; lost many of the shields. British
Guiana. Mr. Schomburgk's Collection.

c. Adult (stuffed). Rio Negro ; Brazils. Mr. Bates's
Collection.

Osteology : —

Platemys canaliculata, Wagler, Syst. t. 4. f. 4-26.

M. Schlegel regards Emys nasuta, E. Geoffroyana,
Schweig., E. stenops, E. depressa, E. canaliculata, E. rufi-
pes, E. viridis, Spix, E. Maximilittna, E. radiolata, Mikan,
E. depressa, Neuwied, and E. pachyura, Boie, as all syno-

nyms of this species ! Other naturalists regard them as
belonging to more than one genus.

4. HYDRASPIS.

Head moderate, flattened, covered with a thin skin, di-
vided into numerous subsymmetrical plates. Beaks naked,
slender, weak. Chin two-bearded. Hind legs with a com-
pressed scaly tubercle on the outer side, above the foot.
Toes webbed. Claws 5 • 4, acute. Shell oblong, depressed,
back flattish, lateral margin revolute. Nuchal plate di-
stinct, anterior vertebral plate larger than the other, often
very broad. Sternum solid, not mobile ; lobes broad, the
front one rounded. Tropical America.

Hydraspis, sp., Bell, Zool. Journ.

Hydraspis, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 38 (1844).

Platemys, sp., Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 407 ; Cat. Mm.

R. 20.
Rhinemys (part.), Wagler, Syst. 134 (1830).

Fit^. Syst. Rept. 29.
Chelodina, sp., Fitzinger.
Phrvuops, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 41.
' Wagler, Syst. 135 (1830).
Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29.

t Nee/c warty above. Lower part of the front of the
hind legs with a compressed wart formed of two large
compressed scales, with a group of five or six tin-
equal scales on the lower side beneath them. The
first vertebral plate ivider than the others.

1. Hydraspis Spirii. The Grooved Hydraspis.

Shell oval oblong, convex, middle of the back flattened,
with a narrow central groove ; costal plates arched ; ster-
num black. Head with numerous small plates ; chin two-
bearded ; neck with conical acute spines ; the two outer
toes of the fore-feet small, with short rudimentar)' claws ;
the lower part of the outer side of the front edge of the
hind legs with a compressed tubercle, formed of two com-
pressed scales.

Hydraspis Spixii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 38.

Platemvs Spixii, Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 409 ; Cat.

MM. iJ. 20.
Emys depressa, Spix, Bras. 4. t. 3. f. 2 (not Neuwied).
Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855 ; Jtm. ij- Mag. N. H.
185,5, XV. 69.
Rhinemys nasuta, var., Wagler, Syst. 134.

Hab. Brazil.

a. Adult (in spirits). Brazils. From M. Clausen's Collec-
tion.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

55

tt Neck nearly smooth. Lower part of hind legs rounded
in front, and covered with five or six rather larger
convex scales, the last heeled. First vertebral plate
almost as wide as the others. Rhinemys.

Rhinemys, part., Wagler.

Dumml and Bibron separate the species belonging to
this section thus, showing the very slight characters which
divide them : —

I. Back keeled the whole length.

* Sternum reddish. 6. H. r^ifipes.

** Sternum brown, ends yellow. 4. H. nasuta.
II. Back interruptedly keeled.

* Sternum black-spotted. 12. H. St. Hilairii.
** Sternum not spotted. 1-1. H. Geoffroyana.

III. Back keeled on the last three plates. 3. H. gihba.

IV. Back not keeled.

* Discal shieldsconcentrically andradiatelystriated.

9. H. radiolata.
** Discal shields longitudinally striated ; sternum
black, yellow-edged. 1 1 . 77. Gaudichuudii.
*** Discal shields smooth.

f Sternum yellow ; thorax brown, uniform. 5.
H. Wagleri.
•ff Sternum yellow ; thorax brown, black-rayed.
8. H. depressa.
ttt Sternum brown, yellow-edged. 7. H. Miliusii.

* Animal one-coloured.

2. Hydraspis raniceps. The Toad-headed Hydraspis.
Tab. XXIII.

Shell oblong, depressed, middle of the back flat, margin
very broad in front, narrow and bent up on the sides,
broader and arched over the hind legs ; first vertebral shield
large, as wide as long ; third and fourth narrow, longer
than broad ; fourth and fifth with an acute keel on the
hinder edge. Sternum rather broad. Head very large ;
crowu and temple covered with small shields ; ears promi-
nent ; neck smooth ; lower part of the outer edge of the
hind leg with four larger scales, the last compressed, largest.

Hab. Brazils ; Para.

a. Adult (stuffed). First vertebral plate nearly square,
two last vertebral plates keeled. Brazils ; Para. Mr.
Bates's Collection.

Osteology : —

h. Adult (skeleton). First vertebral plate broader, con-
siderably broader in front than behind ; last vertebral
plates not keeled. From Mus. Paris.

" Platemys Spixii." Mus. Paris.

This species is very like H. gibba, but the back is more
depressed, the margin much wider ; the head nearly double
the size, compared with the size of the body ; the scales
on the margin of the hind legs larger and more equal-sized,
and the scales of the head small, more numerous and more
equal in size. See Proc. Zool. Sac. 1853.

3. Hydraspis gibba. The Black Hydraspis.
Shell black, ovoid, middle of the back convex ; discal
plates sUghtly striated, the last three vertebral plates tu-
bercularly keeled behind ; costals flat ; sternum brown,
varied with yellow on the edge. Head moderate, covered
with many small symmetrical plates. The crown with five
elongated shields, two in front and two behind, and one
central ; the two front shields produced in front nearly
to the back edges of the orbits.

Hydraspis gibba. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 40.

Emys ^\\)h9.,-Schioeig. Prod. 299. no. 7. ^

Rhinemys gibba, Wagler, Syst. 135.

Platemys gibba, Diim. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 416. t. 20. f. 2 ;

Cat'.Meth. R. 20.
Hydraspis cayennensis /3, Gray, Syn. 42.

Hab. South America.

a. Adult (stuffed). The lower part of the outer edge of
the hind-legs with three or four rather larger scales,
the last much larger and keeled ; caudal plates higher
than long. "Madagascar?" From M. Parzudaski's
Collection.

4. Hydraspis nasuta. Schweigger's Hydraspis.

Shell roundish oblong, much depressed, keeled, waved,
fulvous, hinder edge yellow ; sternum brown, sides and ends
yellow. Head depressed ; crown separated from the fore-
head by a straight line, with five nearly equal-sized shields,
two in front and behind, and one in the centre between
them.

Hydraspis nasuta. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 40.

Emys nasuta, Schweig. Prod. 298. no. 4.

Platemys Schweiggerii, Dum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 435 ;

Cat. MHh. jB. 21.
Emys platycephala, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japan. 46.
Rhinemys nasuta, Wagler, Syst. 134.

Hab. South America. Mus. Paris (one specimen).

? a. Young (in spirits). Lower part of outer side of hinder
legs with four or five convex scales. Tropical America.

The Museum specimen is very like what may be the
young of H. gibba, but the head shields are different.

56

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

5. Hydraspis Wagleri. Wagler's Hydraspis.

Shell oval, much elongated, narrowed at each end, keel-
less, rounded in front and truncated behind, reddish-brown ;
shields smooth ; the first vertebral protuberant, three-sided ;
sternum yellow. Head flat, smooth ; temple with small
scales.

Hydraspis Wagleri, Gratj, Cat. Tort. B.M. 40.
Platemys Wagleri, Dum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 422 ; Cat.
Meth. R. 20.

Hab. Brazil. Mus. Paris (one specimen).

6. Hydraspis ruflpes. The Red-footed Hydraspis.

Shell brown, oval, truncated in front, angular behind ;
back keeled ; sternum narrower behind. Neck and mem-
bers reddish, with an oblong red spot above the ear ; head
smooth, with one large frontal, three elongate occipital,
and many small scales on the temples.

Emys rufipes, Spix, Bras. 7. t. 6. f. 1, 2.

Hydraspis rufipes. Gray, Syn. 41.

Platemys rufipes. Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 435 ; Cat.

Meth. i?. 21.
Emys platycephala, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 46.
Rhinemys rufipes, IVagler, Syst. 134. t. 3. f. 43, 44, 45.

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.
Phrynops rufipes. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 41.

Hab. Brazils. Mus. Munich.

In Spix's figure of this species the superciliary plates
are united to the frontal. It is very like our specimen of
H. nasuta.

7. Hydraspis Miliusii. Minus's Hydraspis.

Shell oval, narrow and rounded in front, obtusely angular
behind, keelless, black -brown ; shields smooth. Sternum
brown, yellowish washed on the edge and middle line ; ab-
dominal plates large ; head broad, thick, smooth ; temple
with small scales.

Platemvs MUiusii, Bum. et Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 431 ; Cat.

Meth. R. 21.
Emys stenops, Spix, Bras. 12. t. 9. f. 3, 4 (very young?).
Emys platycephala, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 47.
Rhinemys nasuta, jun., TVagler, Syst. 134.
Phrynops ? Miliusii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 42.

Hab. Cayenne. Mus. Paris.

The figure of Emys stenops represents the crown and
temples covered with small shields.

The last three species may be only varieties or different-
aged specimens of H. nasuta.

** Animal and shell banded or spotted.
8. Hydraspis depressa. The Depressed Hydraspis.

Shell oval- oblong, rounded at each end, not keeled, oUve-
brown, black-rayed, hinder margin yellow ; blackish-grey,
side of the head with three black rays ; throat whitish,
black-spotted. Sternum narrower behind than in front.
Head covered with very small shields diverging from a
small central vertical shield. Neck granular. The inner
sides of the front of the hind legs with three or four convex
slightly keeled scales, outer side with sLs small keeled
shields.

Hydraspis depressa. Gray, Syn. 41 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 39.
Emys depressa, Merrem, Tent. 22 (not Spix).

Neuwied, Beitr. Bras. i. 29 ; Abbild. t.

Schinz, Rept. 43. t. 4.
Platemys Neuwiedii, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gdn. ii. 425 ; Cat.

Meth. R. 20.
Emys Lyrae, Reuse, Mus. Franlifort.
E. platycephala, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 47.
Rhinemys depressa, TVagler, Syst. 134.

Hab. South America ; Brazils ?

a. Young, in spirits. Stenmm with many small spots.

South America. Presented by Dr. Edward Riippell.

b. Half-grown, m spirits. Sternum with fewer large spots.

South America ; British Guiana. Presented by Che-
valier Schomburgk.

9. Hydraspis radiolata. The Rayed Hydraspis.

Shell oval-oblong, narrowed and romided in front, rather
obtusely angular behind, keelless, brown, varied with red-
dish ; shields concentrically and radiately striated. Ster-
num broad before and behind. Head covered with nume-
rous scales ; neck tubercular.

Hydraspis radiolata, (rray, Syn. Rept. 44; Cat. Tort. B.M.

39.
Emys radiolata, Mikan, Belect. t.

" Neuwied, Beitr. i. 39 ; Abbild. t.
Rhinemys radiolata, Wagler, Syst. 165.
Platemys radiolata, Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 412; Cat.

Meth. R. 20.
Hydraspis planiceps, jun.. Gray, Syn. Rept. 40.
Emys platycephala, var., Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 47.

Hab. Brazils. Mus. Bell.

Allied to H. depressa, but the sternum is represented as
broader behind.

*** Sj)ecies requiring further examination.
10. Hydraspis BeUii. Bell's Hydraspis.

Shell (young) very depressed, very obscurely keeled,
brown ; middle of the hinder edge of vertebral shield

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

57

rather elevated, margin very much expanded, deeply ser-
rated behind ; beneath, yellow brown-rayed and varied.
Sternum narrow, rather broader in front, attenuated and
deeply acutely lobed behind. Head brown, moderate, with
two subtrigonal hard occipital shields, and small shields on
the temples ; chin two-bearded ; neck warty, yellow be-
neath, with a yellow streak on each side, from the angle of
the mouth and under the ear ; claws elongate, acute, com-
pressed.

Phrynops Bellii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 41.
Hah. ? Mus. Bell : a young specimen.

11. Hydi'aspis Gaudichaudii. Gaudichaud's IIydraspis.

Shell oval, oblong, truncated in front, rounded behind,
keelless, brown marbled with black, and with yellow spots
on the outer edge of each marginal shield. Sternum black
in the middle, orange on the sides. Head large ; under
part of the neck orange, marbled with brown.

Hydraspis Gaudichaudii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 40.
Platemys Gaudichaudii, Duin. ^ Bib. Erp. G6n. ii. 427 ;
Cat. Mefh. R. 20.

Hab. Brazils. Mus. Paris (one very young specimen).

12. Hydraspis Hilaii-ii. St. Hilaire's Hydraspis.

Shell rather convex, pale brown, short, oval, narrowed at
each end ; shields smooth ; vertebral broad, each furnished
with a keel-hke tubercle. Sternum yellow, black-spotted.
Head depressed, subsquamose, muzzle short, round.

Hydraspis Hilairii, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 40.
Platemvs Hilairii, Bum. 4'- Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 429 ; Cat.
Mm. R.21.

Hab. Brazils. Mus. Paris.

13. Hydraspis afflnis. The Allied Hydraspis.

Shell brown, obscurely black-rayed, margin strongly re-
flexed over the hinder feet ; two last verteljral shields with
an elevated compressed conical ridge. Neck long, black,
with a yellow line on each side, "beneath yellowish.

Hydraspis? affinis. Gray, D. C. 22. no. 10, ined. ; Cat.
Tort. B.M. 41.

Hab. BrazUs. Mus. Berlin.

14. Hydraspis Geoffiroyaaa. Geoffroy's Hydraspis.

Shell oval, oblong (of the same width at the two ends),
rounded before, obtusely angular and nicked behind ; ver-
tebral plates forming a gutter on each side of the tubercular
keel. Body yellowish, spotted and rayed with brown, be-

neath yellow. Head with small scales ; occipital and
superciliary shields elongated.

Hab. South America ; Buenos Ayres. Mus. Paris, two
specimens, young and old.

5. CHELYMYS.

Head and tem])le covered with a smooth skin. Beaks
naked, horny, strong. Chin not bearded. Neck not
warty. Shell convex, solid, expanded behind ; side edges
narrow, rather revolute ; nuchal shield distinct ; front
cavity much contracted by two rather diverging septa, only
leaving a space half the width of the outer opening ; verte-
bral column sharply keeled within. Sternum sohd, narrow,
with broad and shelving side wings, and a broad rounded
notch behind. Claws 5 • 4, acute. Australia.

Chelymys, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 41 (1844).
Emydura, Bonap. Tab. AnaJyt. 8 (1836).
Platemvs, sp.. Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 438 ; Cat. Meth.
R. 2"l .

1. Chelymys Macquaria. The Victoria Chelymys.

Shell ovate, convex, blackish-brown marbled with grey,
and rather rugose above, with sligttly impressed, narrow,
netted grooves ; beneath convex, yellow ; vertebral plates
nearly square, the fourth six-sided, elongate ; the marginal
plates rather narrow in front, broader and slightly bent
upon the sides, dilated, rather produced, and leaving two
or three notches over the tail behind.

Chelymys Macquaria, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 42.
Emys Macquaria, Cuv. R. A. ii. 11.
Hydraspis ^lacquaria. Gray, Syii. 40.
Platemvs Macquaria, Bum. ^' Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 438 ; Cat.
Meth.R.2\.

Grey, Trar. TT'. Austr. ii. 445.
Hydraspis Victori<E, Gray, Zool. Misc. 55.
H. australis. Gray in Grey, Trap. TV. Austr. ii. 445. t. 6.
Emydura Macquaria, Bonap. Tab. Analyt. 8 (1836).

Hab. Australia.

Var. 1 . High, convex.

b. Half-grown (stuffed). Shields smooth ; vertebral rather
broader than long ; hinder lateral marginal plates
square. Australia. Presented by J. Gould, Esq.

Hydraspis australis. Gray in Grey, Travels TF. Austr. ii.
445. t. 6.

Osteology : —

a. Adult (shell only). Back with a verv narrow, slightly
sunk, interrupted vertebral line; shield partly rugose ;
vertebral ])lates rather longer than broad. Victoria

58 '

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

River, N.W. coast of Australia. Presented by Capt.
William Chambers, R.N.

Emys Macquaria, Dum. ^~ Bib.
H3'draspis Victoriae, Gray, Zool. Misc. 55.

Var. 2. Shell depressed, lighter; hinder margin expanded ;
hinder lateral marginal plates broader than long ; ver-
tebral plates six-sided, broader than long.

r. Adult (stuffed). Australia. Presented by John Gould,
Esq.

d. Adult (stuffed). Australia. Presented by Sir Thomas

Mitchell.

Osteology : —

e. Adult (shell only). Victoria River. Presented by Capt.

William Chambers, R.N.

/. Adult (shell only). Rather deformed, more depressed,
and shelving downward behind. Australia. Mr.
Argent's Collection.

The two varieties, though so different in general appear-
ance, are found together in the same river. Are they the
sexes ?

B. Head large or very large.
Chelydidfe B, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 36.

c. Claws b' A. Head flat, depressed ; leaks naked ; ehin
not bearded.

Chelydidse B. c. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 36.

6. CHELODINA.

Head elongate, covered with a skin divided into many
small shields on the sides and temple. Neck very long,
covered with a thin skin. Beaks naked. Chin not bearded.
Legs strong, with a single series of very broad, thin, band-
like shields. Toes strong, scaly above. Claws 4-4, acute,
curved. Shell depressed, broad ; shields thin, smooth.
Sternum very broad, rounded in front, nicked behind.
Intergular plate large, long, six-sided, placed in the angle
between the gular and humeral plates. Nuchal plate
distinct. Australia.

Emys § ***, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825).
Chelodina, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 43 (1844).
Chelodina, sp.. Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen, ii. 443 ; Cat. Meth.

R. 21.
Hydraspis, sp.. Bell, Zool. Journ.
Hydraspis (Hydraspis), Fits. Syst. Rept. 29.

TVagler, Syst. 134.
Hydraspis, Bonap. Saggio Jiiim. Vert. 13 (1832).

* Shields very thin, closely netted with minute black lines.
1. Chelodina longicollis. The Yellow Chelodine.

Shell oblong, depressed, brown ; first vertebral shield
elongate ; the second and eleventh marginal shields with
their front edge opposite the suture of the costal shields.
Sternum flatfish, deeply nicked behind, yellow; shields
black-edged.

Chelodina longicollis, G;-«?/,.S'y?i. i?. 39. t. 6. f. 2; in Griffith,
An. K. t. ; in Grey, Trav. Austr. ii. 445 ; Cat. Tort.
B.M. 43.
Testudo longicollis, Shaw, N. Holl. 19. t. 7; Gen. Zool.
iii. 62. t. 6.

Lacep. Ann. Mas. iv. 189.
Emys longicollis, Schiveig. Prod. 309. no. 28.

Schlegel, Faun. J upon. 43.
Hydraspis lougicolhs. Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 512.
JJ^agler, Syst. 136, note.
Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.
Emys (§ **'*) longicolhs. Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825).
Chelodina Novse Hollandise, Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 443.

t. 21. f. 2; Cat. Meth. R. 21.
Emys porphyrea. Baud. Rept. ii. 142.

Hab. Australia ; New Holland.

a. Adult animal (dry). Depressed, oblong. Australia.

Presented by Sir Joseph Banks. The specimen de-
scribed by Shaw, Schweigger, &c.

b. Adult (stuffed). More ovate and convex, 7 inches by 6 ;

wants some plates. Australia. Presented by John
Gould, Esq.

2. Chelodina oblonga. The Oblong Chelodine.
Tab. XXIV.

Shell oblong, rather contracted in front, with a broad,
impressed, vertebral groove, olive-brown, with irregular
anastomosing lines, beneath yellowish ; marginal plates
longer than broad ; second larger than the first or third,
and rather angularly produced in the middle of the inner
edge, which is opposite the suture of the costal plates.
Sternum high, flat, strongly and sharply keeled on the
sides ; neck warty, very thick ; pectoral plate longer than
broad.

Chelodina oblonga. Gray in Grey, Trav. Austr. ii. 434, 445.
t. 7; Cat. Tort. B.M. 43.

Hab. West and North Australia.

a. Adult (stuffed). West Australia. Presented by John

Gould, Esq. The specimen figured in Sir "George
Grey's Travels.

b. Adult (stuffed). Port Essington. Presented by Capt.

W. Chambers, R.N.

d. Adult (stuffed). Port Essington.

e. Adult (stuffed). North Australia. Mr. Argent's Col-

lection.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

59

3. Chelodina Colliei. Collie's Chelodine.

Shell oblong, elongate, narrowed, revolute and contracted
on the sides, dilated and bent up behind over the hind legs.
Pale brown, varied and rayed with bright brown. Sternum
narrow, keeled on the sides.
Chelodina Colliei, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855.

Hab. Swan River (^. Collie, Esq.).

a, b. Adult (stuffed). Swan River. From Haslar Hos-
pital.

e. Very young (in spirits). Body scarcely larger than the
head. Swan River. Presented by Sir John Richard-
son, M.D.

** Shields hard, horny, rugose.

4. Chelodina sulcifera. The Grooved Chelodine.
Tab. XXV. fig. 2.

Shell oblong, rather depressed, dark brown ; plates thin,
concentrically grooved ; vertebral plates convex, longer than
broad; areola small, posterior; the sides rather reflexed,
and rather dilated and bent up behind over the hind legs.
Sternum brown ; shield rather convex ; sides sharply keeled;
pectoral about as long as broad.
Chelodina sulcifera. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1855.

Hab. AustraUa.

a. Adult? (shell only). Australia. Mr. Warwick's Col-
lection.

This species differs from C. longicollis in the thickness
and grooved state of the plates, the small size of the areola,
and the convexity and width of the vertebral plates.

7. HYDROMEDUSA.

Head elongate, depressed, covered with a soft dotted
skin. Beaks narrow, exposed. Lips rather dilated and
fleshy at the angle of the mouth. Chin not l)earded.
Neck warty. Claws 4*4; outer toe on each foot small,
clawless. Tail elongate. Shell oblong, depressed, expanded
in front, slightly revolute on the sides. Nuchal plate large,
placed behind the front marginal plate, Uke a sixth verte-
bral ; the second pair of marginal plates large, edging the

nuchal plate. Intergular plate large, long, marginal. Tro-
pical America.

Hydromedusa, Tf'ayler, Syst. 135.

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 43 (1844).
Chelodina, Fitz. Verz. Wien, 45.

Chelodina (part.). Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 446 (1835) ;
Cat. Mtth. /d. 21.

* Back nodose behind.

1. Hydromedusa Maxiniiliani. Prince Maximilian's
Hydromedusa.

Shell oval, convex, entire, rounded in front, rather
angular behind, pale brown, black-spotted ; nuchal plate as
broad as the first vertebral ; the first vertebral longer than
broad ; the fourth costal and last two dorsal shields pro-
tuberant ; forehead flat. Throat yellow, brown-marbled.

Hydromedusa Maxiniiliani, JVagler, Syst. 135. t. 3. f. 25, 26.
Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 44.
Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.
Emys Maxiniiliani, Mikati, Delect, t.
Chelodina Maxiiiiiliani, Fitz. Verz. 48 ; Bum. ^ Bib. Erp.

Gen. ii. 449 ; Cat. Meth. R. 21.
Hydraspis Maxiniiliani, Gray, Syn. 42.

Hab. Brazils.

a. Adult (stuffed). Third and fourth costal and fourth

and fifth vertebral plates acutely tubercular. South
America ; Buenos Ay res. Dr. Miller's Collection,
1848.

Var. Fifth vertebral shield with cross ridge only ; hinder
costal plate less prominent.

b. Adult animal (dry). The nuchal or anterior vertebral

plate trausversel}' divided in half. (Lost one vertebral
plate.)

" Brazils." From the French Museum ; sent under the
name of Chelodina flavilabris.

Osteology : —

Peters in Miiller, Arch. Anat. ^ Phys. 1839, t. 14.
Wayler, Syst. t. 3. f. 2-42.

c. Shell wanting some plates ; vertebral plate tubercularly

keeled ; fifth with a broad transverse prominence ;
other shields smooth. La Plata.

** Back with a central keel, rounded behind ; shields
grooved.

2. Hydromedusa flavilabris. The Yellow-lipped
Hydromedusa.

Shell elongate, depressed, oval, entire, rounded in front,
rather angular behind ; nuchal plate rather narrower than

K 2

00

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

the first vertebral ; hinder discal plates flat ; the first ver-
tebral broader than long ; second, third and fourth ver-
tebrals bluntly keeled ; forehead convex. Jaws bright yel-
low ; neck with acute warts.

Hydromedusa flavilabris, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 44.
Chelodina flavilabris, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 446 ; Cat.
Meth.R.2\.

Hah. Brazils.

a. Half-grown (in spirits). Shields nearly smooth. Brazils.
From M. P. Clausen's Collection.

H. Maximiliani, jun., Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 44.

h. Young (in spirits). Shields concentrically grooved.
Brazils. From M. P. Clausen's Collection.

c. Adult (stuffed ; wanting head) . The anterior vertebral
plate small, quadrangular, narrow in front ; second
very large, broad in front, narrow behind, about as
long as broad ; the third, fourth and fifth vertebral
plates bluntly keeled ; the costal plates even, the first
and third rather more convex than the others near the
upper edge. South America. From the Zoological
Society.

*** Back not heeled, rounded behind.

3. Hydromedusa depressa. The Depressed Hydro-
medusa. Tab. XXVI.

Shell oblong, depressed, dark brown, entire, rounded in
front, rather angular behind ; nuchal plate short, broader
than the first vertebral ; first vertebral square, as long as
broad, with the front lateral angle produced. Sternum pale
brown ; gular plates short, subequal. Head grey ; lips
and beneath white ; neck with small conical warts.

Hvdromedusa subdepressa. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 18.53;
'Ann. ^- Mag. Nat. Hist. 185.5, xv. 68.

Hab. Brazils.

a. Adult (in spirits). Some of the plates of the back and
sternum divided into a number of small roundish
shields. Brazils. Mr. Brandt's Collection.

d. Claws 5 • 4. Head J!at, mncfi depressed ; beaks covered
with fieshy lips ; chin bearded ; intergular plate
marginal.

Chelydidffi B. d. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 36 (1844).
Chelidina, Gray, Ami. Phil. x. 211 (1825).
Chelouea B (part.), Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 211 (1822).
Chelydse, fl'iegm. ^- Ruthe, Handb. 167.

Fitz. Si/st. Rppt. 30.
Steganopoda mandibulata. Fit:. Syst. Rept. 29.
Chelina, Bonap. Saggio Anini. Vert. 13 (1832) ; Tab.

Analyt. !) (1836).
Chelydoides, Fitzinger, Neiie Class. 1826.

8. CHELYS.

Head flat, broad, fringed with warty appendages. Eyes
small. Nose elongated into a tubular proboscis. Mouth
roundish. Jaws covered with soft lips ; lower jaw elevated
behind. Tongue-bone very complicated {Ciiv. Oss. Foss. v.
t. 1). Neck thick, flat, long, bearded on each side. Legs
scaly. Tail short, warty. Shell ovate, convex, broader
before, acutely three-keeled, flattened in the middle of the
back. Shields thin, angularly gibbous. Sternum narrow,
broader and rounded in front, narrower and bifid behind.
Intergular plate marginal. South America.

Chelvs, Daudin, Rept. 1802.

'Oppel, Rept. (1811).

Dumeril, Zool. Anal. 77 (1805).

Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825).

Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 2/1 (1822).

Bell, Zool. Joiirn. iii. 515.

Wagler, Syst. 134.

Merrem, Tent. 24.

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.

Bum. S,- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 455 ; Cat. Meth. 7?. 21.
Matamata, Merrem, Tent. 21 (1820).

Rit:en, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur. xiv. 270.
Chelys (Chclides ou Tortues a gueule), Cuv. R. A. ii. 14.

1. Chelys Matamata. The Matamata.

Shell oblong ; shields elevated, acute, forming three keels.

Testudo Raxarara, Ferm. H. N. Holl. Equin. 51.
T. fimbriata, Schneid. Schildk. 349.

Gmel. Si/st. Nat. i. 1043.

Srhoepf. Test. 07. t. 21.

Shaw,' Zool. iii. 70. t. 18.
Chelys fimljriata, Schweig. Prod. 294.

Spix, Bras. t. 1 1 .

IJ'agler, Syst. 134. t. 3. f. 4, 24.
Matamata fimbriata, Merrem, Tent. 21.
Testudo Matamata, Brug. Journ. H. N. 1792, 253. t. 13.

Latr. Rept. i. 9. t. 4. f. 1.

Schlegel, Faun. Japan. 41.

Baud. Rept. ii. 86. t. 20. f. 1.
T.terrestris major sive ^uparara., Bai-r^re, France Equin. 60.
La Matamata, Citv. R. A. ii. 15.

Chel3-x fimbriata. Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212 ; Syn. 431 ; Cat.
Tort. B.M. 44.

Fife. Syst. Rept. 30.

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 455. t. 21. f. 1 ; Cat. M^th.
R. 21.

Hab. Brazils.

a, b, c. Adult (stuffed). Brazils.

Osteology : —

Testudo fimbriata, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 189. t. 11. f. 21, 24,

skull; t. il. f. 25, lower jaw.
Chelvde, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 194. t. 12. f. 41, os hvoides ;

t."l2. f. 3, clavicle; t. 12. f. 13 & 37, hand and foot.
Chelvs :\Iatamata, Wagler, Syst. t. 3. f. 3-24.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

CI

e. Claws 5*4. Head convex, i-ounded, covered with hard
shields; beaks naked.

Chelydidae B. e, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 36 (1844).
Podocnerais, Wayler, Si/sf. 135 (1830).

9. PELTOCEPHALTJS.

Head large, subquadraugular, ]iyramidal, covered with
six large, thick, rather imbricate plates ; forehead rounded.
Eyes lateral. Jaws naked, very strong, hooked, toothless.
Feet strongly webbed, with two large scales near the claws,
without any compressed scales on the front edge of the
hind legs. Claws 5-4, straight, strong. Tail clawed.
Shell ovate, convex, rounded before, nicked behind. Nu-
chal plate none. Sternum solid; marginal plates 10- 10;
two caudal plates united into one plate.

Peltocephalus, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 3/7 (1835) ; Cat.
Meth. R. 18.

Fitz. Syst. Kept. 29.
Podocnemis, sp., Wagler, Syst. 135.

1. Peltocephalus Tracaxa. The Tracaxa.

Shell ovate, smooth, entire, blackish-brown ; gular plates
very small, subequal ; pectoral plate short.

Peltocephalus Tracaxa, Dum. i^- Bib. Erp. Ght. ii. 378.
t. 18. f. 2; Cat. Meth. R. !8.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 45.

Fitz. Syst. Rejit. 29.
Emys Tracaxa, Spi.v, Bras. 6. t. 5.

Wagler, Syst. 135.
Emys maerocephala, Spi.r, Bras. 5. t. 4, old shell, worn.
Podocnemis tracaxa, Wagler, Syst. 135.
Podocnemis maerocephala, Wagler, Syst. 135.

Hab. Brazils.

a. Adult (stuffed). Shields concentrically grooved.
Emys Tracaxa, Spi.v, Bras. t. 5.

b. Adult (stuffed). Worn nearly smooth ; head imperfect.

Brazils.

E. maerocephala, Spix, Bras. t. 4.

10. PODOCNEMIS.

Head convex ; crown with five shields, two nasal, one
frontal, large, and two temporal, with a deep groove on the
forehead ; cheeks with large shields. Chin two-bearded.
Jaws naked, slightly arched, toothless. Eyes superior,
close. Legs with some thin cresceutic scales in front.
The upper part of the hinder edge of the hind foot
covered with three large flat shields. Toes broadly webbed,

with two broad thin scales above. Claws 5 "4, short, broad,
flattened. Tail short, not clawed, with a diverging series
of horny cross ridges on each side. Shell rather solid ;
sterno-costal symphysis elongate; marginal plates 12'12;
caudal separate. Nuchal plate none. Sternum broad, not
mobile, narrower behind.

Podocnemis, sp., TT'agter, Syst. 135.

Podocnemis, Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 282 ; Cat. Mith.R.lH.

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 29.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 25.

1. Podocnemis expansa. The Pitipu. Tab. XXVII.

Shell oval, entire, keelless, very depressed when adult,
tectiform and rather moderately keeled when young, much
and horizontally expanded over the hind legs. Head broad,
short ; of young white-spotted.

Podocnemis expansa, Wagler, Syst. 135. t. 4. f. 1, 2.

Dum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 383. t, 19. f. 1 ; Cat. M^th.
R. 18.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 45.

Fitz. Syst. Rept. 24.
Emys Amazouica, Spix, Bras. i. t. 1, adult; t. 2. f. 1, 2,

young.
E. expansa, Schweig. Prod. 299. no. 8.

Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 48.
Hydraspis expansa. Gray, Syn. Rept. 41.
Testudo Arrace, Humb. Pers. Nar. iv. 482 ?

Hab. Brazils ; Cayenne. Mus. Paris.

b. Adult (stuffed). Lakes of Upper Amazons : called Pi-

tipu. Mr. Bates's Collection.

c. Young (in spirits). Head blackish, with a white edge

to the sides of the nasal and upper orbital edge ; back
of the head with foiu' round equal spots, the lateral
one above the front of the tympanum ; vertebral plates
bluntly keeled ; marginal plate very wide.

d. Young (stuffed ; rather deformed). Animal and shell

black ; head white-spotted. Brazils. Zoological So-
ciety.

" Podocnemis expansa," Bibron, MSS. Cat. Zool. Sac.
no. 366.

Osteology. Tab. XXXVII. fig. 1, skull.

Emys expansa, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 184. t. 1 1. f. 9-12, skull.
Podocnemis expansa, Wagler, Syst. t. 4. f. 3-31.

a. Adult (female). Shell only.
Mr. Bates's Collection.

e. Skull. ^Ir. Bates's Collection.

Brazils : called Pitiu.

Spix described the young as having a yellow head with
two black dots, which does not agree with the Museum
specimens.

Schlegel regards E. amazonica and E. erythrocephata as
synonyma of this species.

62

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

2, Podocneinis Diimeriliana. The Tracaja.

Tab. XXVIII.

Shell oval, convex, swollen, nicked in front, brown varied

with black ; the second and third vertebral plates keeled.

Sternum yellowsh ; under side of marginal plates with a

blackish-varied spot. Head elongate, rather narrow.

Podocnemis Dumeriliana, IVagler, Syst. 155.

Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 387 ; Cat. Meth. R. 18.

Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 45.
Emys Dumeriliana, Schiueig. Prod. 300. no. 9.

Schlegel, Favn. Japan. 48.
Hydraspis Dumeriliana, Gray, Syn. 42.

Young. Head black, with a yellow spot on the forehead,
two larger on each side of the occiput and temples,
and two on each side of the jaws.

Emys Cayennensis, Schweig. Prod. 298. no. 6.
Emvs ervthrocephala, Spix, Bras. t. ".
Hydraspis lata. Bell, MSS.

Gray, Syn. Sept. 77 ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 41.

Hah. Brazils ; Venezuela ; Cayenne ; Guadaloupe. Mus.
Paris.

a. Adult female (stuffed). Lakes of Upper Amazon :
called Tracaja. Mr. Bates's Collection.

h. Young (stuffed) ; imperfect. Black. From the Zoo-
logical Society.
Hydraspis lata. Bell.

d. Young (hi spirits). Brown ; edge of shell yellow ; be-

neath paler brown. Para. Mr. Bates's Collection.

e. Very young (stuffed).

Osteology : —

c. Adult shell. Tab. XXVIII.

"The male Tracaja and PiYm are comparatively rarely
caught ; they never come on shore, and can only be obtained
by the arrow ; their number is also small in proportion to
the females. I have not been able to obtain a specimen." —
E. Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1851.

Schlegel regards Emys Tracaxa, E. macrocephala, and
E. Dumeriliana as synonyma of this species, which he has
not seen.

3. Podocnemis SEXTUBERCULATA. " Testa ovata sterno
fortiter adhsesa, hoc sex tuberculos prsebente sccus
margines laterales, caruucula mentali luiica."

Cornalia, Verteh. Synopsis in 3Iuseo Mediolanensi (1849),
13. uo. 13. f. 3.

b. Back covered with a soft skin. Toes digitate, webbed,
three-clawed. Beaks covered with free Jleshy lips.

Amyda, Schiveig. MSS. Institute of Paris (1 809) (see Dum.

^ Bib. Erp. Gen. i. 416, 421) ; Prod.
Trionyx, Geoff. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. xiv. 15.
Oppel, Rept. 10.
Merrem, Tent. 20.
Amydsea, 0^^lel, Rept. (1811).
Testudines stegauopodes (part.), Wagler, Syst. 133.
Potamites ou Tortues fluviatiles, Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii.
461 ; Cat. Meth. R. 22.

Fam. IV. TEI0NYCID.5; (Soft Turtles).

Head flattened, ovate. Eyes small, superior. Jaws horny,
covered with dependent fleshy lips. Chin not bearded.
Nostrils elongated into a thin cyUndrical trunk. Neck loug,
contractile. Feet short, strong. Toes 5 • 5, short, expanded,
strongly webbed, two outer clawless. Claws 3 • 3. Tail
short, conical, simple. Shell covered with a hard cartila-
ginous skin, usually expanded and flexible on the edge, the
ribs only vinited together and to the vertebrae above, sejia-
rate below. Sternum formed of a ring of bones, covered
with a continuous skin, and in the adults furnished with
rough callosities on the prominent i)art. Pelvis only at-
tached to the vertebrEe. Living in rivers and lakes in warm
climates : often lying in the mud with the head only ex-
posed : eating flesh, and rarely vegetables. Eggs spherical.

The ribs become united together for a greater propor-
tion of their length, and the sternal callosities appear and
increase in size as the animal increases in age ; hence thev
do not afford specific, much less generic characters.

Amyda, Schweig. MSS.

Trionicidoe, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 211 (1825).

Bonop. Saggio Anim. Vert. 13 (1832) ; Tab. Analyt.

10 (183G).
Swainson, Lard. Cyclop. 344.
Trionichidae, Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 515 (1828).
Chilotfe, TJ'iegm. ^ Riithe, Handb. 1(J7.
Triouicina, Donap. Tab. Analit. 10 (1830).
Trionix (Les Tortues molles), Cuvier, R. A. ii. 15.
Steganopoda labiata, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 30.
Trionyches, Fitz. Sijst. Rept. 30.
Trionichoides, Fit:inger, Neue Class. (1826).
Phyllopodochelones (part.), Ritzen, Nov. Act. Nat. Cur.

xiv. 269 (1828).
Chersydrochelones (part.), Rit:en, I. c. 269.
Amydse (part.), Ritzen, I. c. 269.
Potamites ou Tortues fluviatiles, Dutn. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii.

461 ; Cat. MM. R. 22.
Gymnopodi (part.). Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212 (1825).
Trionvx, Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. xiv.
Oppel, Rept. (1811).

Geofi'roy used as characters the existence and non-exist-
ence and form of the anterior vertebral bone ; but all the

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

63

species of Trionyx have an odd bone ("marginal piece,"
Geoff.) on the margin, which is only slightly developed in
the young. Geoffrey's figure of T. Egyptiacus is from an
adult ; T. svhplanvs and T. carinnlus from young speci-
mens ; T. Javanicus from an imperfect one, as complete
specimens of this species have this bone.

Fitzinger has divided this family into the genera Trionyx
(ffranosus), Aspidonectes (Javanicus), Platypeltis (Bron-
gniartii and ferox), Pelodiscus (Sinensis and labiatus),
Aniyda (snbplanus and muticus), according to the union
and separation of the cervical bones and the ribs, and the
rugosity and partial smoothness of the surface of the
dorsal plates ; but these characters alter with the age of
the animals, and they separate nearly allied species and
those coming from the same countries.

Synopsis of the Genera.

A. Sternum broad, with valves over the feet. Sternal callosities

7 or 9.

1. Emyda. The margin of the shield supported by bones.

Sternal callosities three pairs, and a small anterior odd one
behind the anterior pair.

2. Cyclanosteus. Margin of disk flexible, boneless. Sternal cal-

losities four pairs, and an odd one behind the two anterior
paiis.

B. Sternum narrow at each end ; the margin of the shield ex-

panded, flexible, thin. Sterjtal callosities 4,

§ Head moderate ; face conical ; eyes lateral.

3. Trionyx. Head moderate, ovate, narrow in front. Dorsal disk

solid.

4. Dogania. Head very large, dilated behind, narrow in front.

Dorsal disk not solidified imtil late in life.

§§ Head elongates face very short j eyes anterior.

5. Chitra. Head dilated behind, broad and short in front ; hps

verc large, swollen. Dorsal disk solid ; first vertebral bone
broad, crescent-shaped, early develojjed.

A. Sternum broad, with valves over the feet. Sternal
callosities 7 or 9.

Trionycidre A, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 46.
Trionyx, Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 516.

Wagler, Syst. 134 (1830).

Fit;. Syst. Rept. 30.

Bonap. Tab. Analyt. 10 (1836).
Crvptopus, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. .501 ; Cat. Meth.
R. 23.

1. EMYDA.

Head moderate, ovate, narrow in front. Eyes near nose.
Lips very thick. Dorsal disk convex, solid. Margin of

the shell supported with a series of bones behind. Ster-
num broad, rounded before and behind, with a moveable
valve over each foot. Sternal callosities (of adult) 7, three
(2 ■ 1) anterior, two lateral and two jjosterior.

Emyda, Gray, Syn. Rept. ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 46.

Trionj-x, Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. .516 (1828).
Wayler, Syst. 134.
Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.
Crvptopus, Bum. ^' Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 501 (1835) ; Cat.
Meth. R. 23.

1. Emyda punctata. The Bungoma.

Shell oval, convex, granular, green (young with eyed
spots) ; head with two orange spots on the occiput (young
with a yellow streak from each eye, and the nape yellow-
spotted). The odd anterior callosity small, roundish, tri-
angular ; the posterior callosities of adult ovate, inner edge
semicircular ; of young triangular, far apart.

Emvda punctata, Gray, Syn. Rept. 50 ; Illusf. Ind. Zool.
ii". t. 62, young ; Cat. Tort. B.M. 46 ; Proc. Zool. Soc.
1855.

Bell, Testud. t.
La Chagrinee, Testudo punctata, Lacep. Q. O. i. 171.
Testudo granosa, Schoepjf'. Test. 127. t. 30 A, B.
Trionyx granosus, Schweig. Prod. 288.

n'agler, Syst. 134. t. 2. f. 2, 33.

Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.

Gray, Ind. Zool. ii. t. 64.

Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 35. t. 5. f. 4.
Cryptopus granosus. Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 501 ; Cat.

Meth. R. 23.
Testudo scabra, Latr. Rept. i. 194.
T. Dura, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. no.
T. granidata, Shaiv, Zool. iii. 68. t. 14. f. 1.

Baud. Rept. ii. 81. t. 19. f. 2.
Trionvx Coromandelicus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 16. t. 5. f. 1.

iSIerrem, Tent. 20.

Hab. India ; Pondicherry ; Bengal.

a-c. Adult animal and shell (stuffed). India. From M.
Picquot's Collection.

f, g. Young (in spirits). India. From M. Picquot's Col-
lection.

h. Young (stuffed). From the Museum of the Bengal
Society.

k. Very young (stuffed). India. Capt. Boys' Collection.

/. Adult (stuffed). India. Capt. Boys' Collection.

Osteology : —

Trionyx granosus, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 202. t. 12. f. 47, ster-
num.

d, e. Upper shells only. India. M. Picquot's Collection.

(. Upper shield only. India. Presented by Gen. Th.
Hardwicke.

64

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

2. Emyda Ceylonensis. The Ceylon Dura.
Tab. XXIX. a.

Back and upper part of the head (in spirits) dull pale
uniform olive-brown ; lips and lower part of the body whitish.
The odd anterior sternal tubercle large, oblong, transverse ;
the hmder callosities large, close, nearly united in the adult,
with straight parallel edges. ,

Emyda punctata, Kelaart, Prod. Faun. Ceylon. 179.

Hab. Ceylon.

a. Half-grown (in spirits). Ceylon (F. Layard, Esq.).

b. Adult (shell only). Ceylon. From the Zoological So-

ciety. Sent by Dr. Kelaart.

Dr. Kelaart described this species, probably from life, as
" olive-green, with indistinct brown stri])es, and minutely
punctulated ; beneath white or fleshy-white. Head green,
black-striped ; lips yellow." . . . "This Water Tortoise is
generally distributed in the lower part of the island, and is
found in lakfs and tanks. Several we kept alive for
months in a tub filled with fresh water, fed freely on ani-
mal food, and also on bread and boiled rice. A large female
laid three eggs, globular, about an inch in diameter, with
a hard calcareous shell. This Tortoise too is put into wells
to act the part of scavenger." It is called Kivi-Ibba in
Cingalese.

3. Emyda Senegalensis. The African Bungoma.

Back, head and neck (of young) grey, with minute white
spots ; sternum blackish, edged with dirty white.

Emyda Senegalensis, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 47.
Crvptopus Senegalensis, Bum. ^' Bib. Erp. G(n. ii. 504 ;
'Cat. Meth. R. 23.

Hah. "Senegal." Mus. Paris.

Perhaps the vomig of Cydanosteus Petersii.

2. CYCLANOSTEUS.
Head moderate, ovate. Margin of the dorsal disk not
supported by bones. Sternum broad, rounded before and
behind, with a moveable flap over each foot. Sternal cal-
losities 9, viz. four pairs, and an odd one behind the two
anterior pairs ; the pair on the hinder lobe small, i;ir
apart.

Cydanosteus, Peters, MSS. (1848).

? Crvptopus, sp.. Dim. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 504.

1. Cydanosteus Petersii. The Gambian Cyclanosteus.
Tab. XXIX.

Shell broad, rounded before and behind ; sternal cal-
losities 9.

Cydanosteus (Cyclanorbis) Petersii, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1853 ; Jnn. |- Maff. Nat. Hist. xv. 69 (1855).

Hab. W. Africa ; Gambia.

Osteology : —

b. Shell only, with back margin. Gambia. Presented by
the Earl of Derby.

a. Skeleton (imperfect). Gambia. Presented by the Earl
of Derby. From Mr. ^^^litfield's Collection.

2. Cydanosteus frenatus. The Bridled Cyclanosteus.

Face black-lined.

Cyclanosteus frenatus, Peters, MSS. (1848).
Casi, Native of Mozambique.

Hab. ^Mozambique (in fresh water) ; River Zambia,
{Peters).

B. Sternum narrow at each end; margin of the shield
expanded, thin, flexible. Sternal callosities A. Tri-
onyciua.

Trionyx, Gray, Syn. Rept.

Amyda, Bonap. Tab. Analyt. 10 (1836).

Aspidonectes, Wayler, Syst. 134 (1830).

Fitz. Syst. Rejjt. 30.
Gymnopus, Dim. $ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 477; Cat. Meth.

R. 22.
Trionyx, sp., Bell 1

§ Head moderate ; face conical ; eyes lateral.

3. TRIONYX.

Head rather large, ovate, dilated behind. Muzzle rather
elongate, conical. Lips thick. Shield flexible on the edge.
Ribs 8 ■ 8. Sternum narrow at each end. Sternal callosi-
ties 2 or 4 ; the lateral one occupying part of both lateral
sternal bones.

Trionyx, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 49 (1844) ; Ann. Phil.

X. 212 (1825).
Tyrse, sp.. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 47 (1844).
Trionyx, sp., Geoff. Ann. Mus.
Platvpeltis, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 30.
Trio'uix (ferox), Flem. Phil. Zool. ii. 271.
Aspidonectes a, sp., Wagler, Syst. 134.
Aspidonectes /3, IFagler, Syst. 134.
Aspidonectes, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30 (1843).

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD RErTILES.

65

Gvmnopus, sp., Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 477 ; Cat. Meth,

R. 23.
Potamochelvs, Fitz. Sijst. Repf. 30 (1843).
Pelodiscus, Fitz. Si/st. Rept. 30 (1843).

I had divided the American from the Old World species,
believing they had only seven ribs, but on re-examination I
find they both have the same number of ribs.

The species may l)e thus divided according to their osteo-
logical characters, but they can only be used with certainty
by those vpho have a series of specimens of different ages
of each species before them.

* First vertebral bone broad, crescent-shaped, early deve-

loped ; episternal bones rather far apart at the base.

f Callosities 2 ; dorsal disfi with two pits in front, one on
each side of the first vertebra.

1 . Trionyx Rafeht.

ft Callosities 4 ; dorsal disk with two pits in front.

2. T. Argus.

ttt Callosities 4 ; dorsal disk without any pits in front.

3. T. perocellatus. 4. T. Nilolicus. o. T. Gangeticus.
6. T. ferox. 7. T. muticus.

** First vertebral bone oblong, not developed until late in
life ; episternal bones elongate, close together at their
base. Callosities 4.

8. Tyrse Javanicus. 9. T. carinifenis. 10. T. frenatus.

They may be divided according to the colouring of the
head and limbs, but these colours often disappear or become
indistinct in the adult animal.

* Head and limbs with subeqiial white spots.
1. Trionyx Rafeht. 2. T. Niloticns.

* * Head and limbs with small and some larger ivhite spots.

3. T. Gangeticus. 4. T. carhiiferus.

*** Head spotted with longitudinal narrow black lines ;
lips and chin sj)otted.

ft. T. perocellatus. 6. T. ferox.

**** Head with diverging black streaks on the crown.
1 . T. Javanicus. 8. T. frenatus.

***** Head with black-edged streaks enclosing the eye.

9. T. Argus. 10. T. ferox (T. spiuiferus).

The young of T. Niloticus, T. Gangeticus, T. Javanicus,
T. frenatus and T. ferox have the spinose tubercles on the
back in numerous parallel lines ; T. perocellatus has them
in distant, rather irregular lines ; and Chiton Indica has
close, isolated, I'ounded tubercles, very much crowded
together on the nape ; the side and hinder part of the
disk smooth.

* Asiatic.

1. Trionyx Rafeht. The Rafeht. Tab. XXX.

Dull green. Head white-dotted. Sternal callosities 2 ;
lateral transverse, rather dilated at the inner end ; anterior
sternal bones far apart ; anterior part of the disk with two
rounded cavities between the broad lunate first and the
second vertebral bones.

Tvrse Rafeht, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 49.
Testudo Rafeht, Oliv. T'oy. Vers. ii. 453. t. 41.

Shaw, Misc. t. 907.
Testudo Euphraticus, Baud. Rept. ii. 305.
Trionyx Euphraticus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 17.

Gray, Syn. 48.
Gymnopus Euphraticus, Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 498 ;
Cat. Meth. R. 22.

Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, 56.

Hab. Tigris and Euphrates. Mus. Zool. Soc.

a. Adult (stuffed). Euphrates. Presented by Mr. Loftus,

Euphrates Expedition, 1850.

b. Adult (without sternum). Euphrates. From the

Zoological Society. Presented by Capt. Chesney.
Tab. XXX. Described by Mr. Martin, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Osteology : —

Skull of "a." Euphrates.

The skull is much shorter and broader than that of
T. Niloticus.

2. Trionyx perocellatus. The Eyed Boulousse.

Tab. XXXL

Back of young with distinct irregular lines of tubercles,
with six obscure spots. Head and neck olive ; lip and chin
with small white spots, with narrow brown streaks from
the front of the eyes to the lip, and from the back of the
eyes across the temple ; anterior dorsal bone large, broad.
Sternal callosities 4 ; hinder oblong, trigonal, oblique, with
the rugosities in concentric oblong rings.

Tyrse perocellata, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 48.
Trionyx jierocellatus, Cantor, Ann. i^' Mag. Nat. Hist.
T. tuberculatus. Cantor, MSS.

T. stellatus, var. Javanicus, Schlegel, Faun. Japon. t. 5.
f 6.', t. 7. f. 1, 2.

Hab. China ; Chusan.

66

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

rt, 6. Half-grown (in spirits). Chusan. Presented by the
Hon. East India Company, from Dr. Cantor's Collec-
tion.

c. Younger (in spirits). Sternum black-spotted. Cbusan.
Presented by the Hon. East India Company, from Dr.
Cantor's Collection.

e. Adult (stuffed). Disk 7 inches long, with two very
small pits in front. China.

/. Young (in spirits). The head in spirits lead-coloured
black, black-dotted, with a narrow black streak on the
forehead from the front of the upjier part of each eye,
and a narrow black streak from the lip through the
eve and extended on the sides of the nape. Throat
whitish, marbled with blackish. China. Dr. Berthold
Seemann. Tab. XXXI. From Haslar Museum.

This species differs from T. carinatus in wanting the
regular series of tubercles forming a keel on the back of
the dorsal disk.

Mr. Seemann' s specimen has the markings on the head
very like those of a young stuffed specimen of T. ferox
from North America which we received from Mr. W. Smith ;
but the streak from the back of the eye in the American
species is double, that is to say, pale, with a black edge on
each side.

This species may always be known in the young state by
the scattered and irregular distribution of the dorsal tu-
bercles.

3. Trionyx Gangeticus. The Kaarey.
Olive, vermiculated with dark brown (when young, with
four or five large eyed spots). Head olive, white-dotted,
with a yellow spot (white in spirits) behind each eye, at the
angle of the mouth and on each side of the chin, and one
on each side of the neck below the cheek.

Tyrse Gangetica, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 47.
Trionvx gangeticus, Cuv. R. A. ii. 16 ; Giierin, Icon. t. 1.
f. 6, young.

Sc'hlegel, Faun. Japan. 35 ; Cuv. Oss. Foss. iii. 222,
adult.
Aspidonectes gangeticus, Wagler, Sijst. t. 2. f. 12-18.
Trionyx stellatus, var. Japonicus, Schlegel, Faun. Japon.

t, 5. f. 7?
Trionyx Hurum, Grarj, Illi/st. Iiul. Zool. t. 1 ; Sijn. Rept.

t. 10.
Testudo Hurum, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. no. 13.
Gvmnopus Duvaucelii, Bum. &r Hib. Erp. Ghi. ii. 487 ;

'Cat. Meth. R. 22.
Testudo Chin, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. no. , copied

Grai/, Si/n. Rept. 47. t. 10.
Test, ocellatus, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. no. 14.

Grai/, Illust. Lid. Zool. t. 7 ■
Gymnopus Gangeticus, Cantor, Rept. Malac. 8.
Jaccpiem. Voy. Ind. Rept. t. 9.

?? Pelodiscus Sineusis, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 30.

Gymnopus ocellatus, Dutn. ^' Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 189, young.

Hab. India ; Ganges.

a, b, c. Young (in spirits) ; 4 inches. Back with four
black spots. India ; Ganges.

d, e. Young (in spirits) ; 4 inches. Back with four large
and two small posterior black spots. India ; Ganges.

f. Very young (in spirits). Marks on face and spots on

back very distinct. India. Mr. Argent's Collection.

Osteology. Tab. XLIII. fig. 1, skull.

Trionyx du Ganges, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. 187. t. 11. f. 5, 8,
skull; t. 13. f. 42; t. 12. f. 46, sternum.

g, h. Dorsal disk, vertebra and ribs only. Nepaul. Pre-

sented by J. B. Hodgson, Esq.

i. Dorsal disk, vertebra and ribs only. Nepaul. Presented
by H. Falconer, M.D.

j. Skull of adult. Suttapoor ; Ganges. Capt. Boys' Col-
lection. Tab. XLIII. fig. 1.

/•. Skull (half-grown ; imperfect). India.

/. Dorsal shields and sternum. India. From the Zoolo-
gical Society.

These bones {jj, h, i and /) may all possibly belong to
T. Javanicus, as they were procured without any head or
other characteristic parts.

"The young (Testudo ocellatus. Buck. Hamilt. MSS. ;
Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool. t. ) : — The head above pale olive,
with a large yellow spot between the eyes and a similar
one behind each eye ; neck, limbs, and posterior margin of
the shell dark olive, with paler round spots. Shell olive,
with black irregular Hues and four or five central ocelli,
black in the centre, edged with red, round which a black
ring. Sternum pale whitish olive."

In the transition state, being about changing the livery
{Testudo Hurum, B. Hamilt. MSS., cop. Gray, Illust.
Ind. Zool. t. ) : — " Head yellow-olive, with irregular dark
lines. Shell light olive, vermiculated with blackish or
dark oUve ; the four ocelli are present, but are altered in
colour and shape ; the centre, instead of being black, is,
like the rest of the surface, light ohve, vermiculated with
black ; the red ring is changed to black, and the outer
black one to light olive. The shape is changed from round
to irregular olive. Adult {Testudo Chin, B. Hamilton,
3ISS.) : dark olive-green, vermiculated and spotted with
light olive-brown ; beneath greenish-white.

" It is of fierce habits, desperately defending itself by
biting, and emitting, when excited, a low, hoarse, cackling
sound." — Cantor.

The largest specimen Dr. Cantor observed at Pinang niea-
• sured as follows : — Head 4 ; neck 4 J ; shell 23 ; tail ;> inches.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

4. Trionyx cariniferus. The Keeled Boulousse.
Tab. XXXII.

The front edge of dorsal disk tubercular ; tlie hinder part
of the disk with a central keel, continued by a central series
of close triangular acute tubercles. Olive. Head large; two
front sternal bones very elongate, produced ; the anterior
vertebral bone rudimental. Sternal callosities ?

Hab. IMoluccas.

a. Half-grown (in spirits). Yellow. Head like body ; side
and end of disk with scattered acute tubercles. Mo-
luccas. From the Leyden Museum.

Trionyx, n. s., Mus. Leyden.

? Testudo alba, Bodd. Epist. iii. 21.

c. In spirits (like a). Amboina ; Ceram. Madame Ida

PfeifFer's Collection.

d, e. Young (in spirits). Olive, with small round dark

spots ; the larger spots in three series, one down the
vertebral line, and the others in the middle of the
sides. Head dark above and below, s\^nmetricallv
white- spotted, the spots of tlie occiput and those of
the chin larger, and with a very large irregular white
spot at the side of the neck ; back of neck and feet
white-spotted. Amboina or Ceram. Madame Ida
Pfeiflfer's Collection.

/,(/. Young (in spirits) ; like d and e. Mr. Bartlett's Col-
lection.

Osteology : —

i. Half-grown skeleton ; anterior vertebral bone not deve-
loped. Java. From the Leyden Museum.
Trionyx stellatus, 3Iiis. Leyden.

The specimens of this species are larger than the stuffed
example of T. Javaniriis, but yet they have no appearance
of any sternal callosities.

5. Ti-ionyx frenatus. The Bridled Boulousse.
Olive-brown (in spirits). Back with numerous close
lines of small tubercles, two central parallel, the others
rather irregular. Head brown, with a dark streak on the
forehead, divided behind the eyes into three broad indistinct
diverging streaks, and one from the hps at the base of the
proboscis through the eyes to the sides of the throat ; lips
brown, pale-spotted ; throat pale brown, sides of the neck
whitish. Sternal callosities 4, small.

a. Young (in spirits). From the Museum of the Zoological

Society.

" Gymnopus Javanicus," Bibron, 3ISS., Miis. Zool. Soc.

b. Half-grown female (stuffed). It contained many full-

sized eggs ; the sternal callosities are only very
slightly developed. Singapore. Mr. M'allace's Col-
lection.

This species is very like Bagonia subjjiana, but the head
is smaller and brown-lined, and there are indications of
four sternal tubercles. The ribs are narrower, and the
ends of the ribs are nearer the front side of the dilated
part, and not in the centre, as in our specimen of D. sub-
plana. The rudiments of the sternal callosities are on each
of the two lateral sternal bones, while in Bagonia thev are
only found on the anterior pair.

The young specimen was named Trionyx Javanicus by
M. Bibron, but the head was then entirely contracted into
the shell, so that only the tip of the nose could be seen. It
differs from that species in the position of the dark streaks,
and in their being much less distinctly marked.

6. Trionyx Javanicus. The Boulousse.

The front and hinder edge of the dorsal disk tubercular.
Olive-green ; crown of the head with one central and two
radiating black lines ; two front sternal bones elongate, pro-
duced.

Testudo Javanica, Osbeck, China, 149?
Tyrse Javanica, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 47.
Trionyx Javanicus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 1.5. t. 3.
Sckweig. Prod. 287.

Gray, Syn. liejif. 48 ; Il/iist. Ind. Zool. t. . f. 1, 2.
Gymnopus Javanicus, Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gni. ii. 493 ; Cat.

Mith. R. 22.
Potamochelys Javanicus, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 30.
Aspidonectes Javanicus, Fitz.

TJ'ag/er, Syst. t. 2. f. l-Il.
Cantor, Rept. Malac. 8.
Testudo Gataghol, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined. no. 15? cop.

Gray.
T. rostrata, Thunb. X. Act. Suec. riii. 179. t. 7. f. 2, 3.
Schoepff: Test. 93. t. 20.
Baud. Rept. ii. 77, young.
T. cartilaginea, Bodd. Bert. Naturf. ii. 2C3.
T. Boddaertii, Schneid. Schildk. t. I. f. 1, 2.
T. membranacea, Blumenb. Beyt. t. 2.
Trionyx stellatus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. 13, young.
Boulousse, Javanese.

Hab. Java.

a. Half-grown? (in spirits) ; 5^ inches. India.

b, c. Young (in spirits) ; not eyed. India.

(/. Half-grown (stuffed). Back with irregular rugose ridges ;
anterior bone separate ; lateral sternal callosities con-
tracted in the middle ; hinder oblong, oblique. India ;
Deccan. Presented by Colonel Sykes, F.R.S.

e,f. ? Very young (in spirits); uot good state. China.
Presented by'W. Baird, M.D.

g, //, i. Very young (in spirits). Back eyed. India.

j. Very j-oung (dry skin) . India.

k. Half-grown (stuffed). First vertebral bone slightly de-
veloped India. Capt. Boys' Collection.

L 2

68

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

I. Very young (stuffed). Lidia. Capt. Boys' Collection.

m. Adult (stuffed). The first vertebral bone united to the
other, forming one disk. Head with seven black di-
verging rays. Lidia. Capt. Boys' Collection.

" Very yoimy : above olive-green ; the head and upper
part of the neck with numerous small white spots, becoming
larger and more distant on the cheeks and cliiu ; on the
vertex two round black spots, on the occiput two diverging
black lines. The shell with several large black, white-
ringed spots, between which numerous smaller indistinct
white spots ; margin pale white ; several longitudinal ridges
composed of close minute tubercles : beneath greenish-
white. Older : above uniform olive green ; the longitu-
dinal ridges of the shell consist of tubercles more distant
and proportionally smaller than in the young." — Cantor.

This species is numerous in ponds and rivers in Pinang.
The largest that Dr. Cantor observed measured as follows :
— Head 2^ ; neck 2} ; shell C|^ inches ; tail | of an inch
Ijug. Eaten by the Chinese.

** African.
7. Trionyx Niloticus. The Tyrse.

Shell rather convex, vertebral line often depressed ; back
green, spotted with white or yellowish. Callosities 4, far
apart, lateral, dilated internally, hinder triangular ; first and
second vertebral bones united by a smooth suture.

Tyrse Nilotica, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 48.
Trionyx Niloticus, Gray, Syn. 46.

Schleyel, Faun. Japan. 32.
Testudo triunsuis, Forsk. 9.

Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1039.
Trionyx JEsvptiacus, Geoff. Egypt, i. 116. t. 1.

Schit-eTg. Prod. 286.

Merreni, Amph. 20.

Gner. Icon. t. 1. f. 7.
Gymnopus jEgyptiacus, Dum. ($■ Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 484 ;

'Cat. Meth. it. 22.
Trionyx labiosns. Bell. Test. t. , from life.
Emys sen Erais, Aristot. Hist. Anim. v. 9.
Aspidonectes ^Egyptiacus, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.
Le Tyrse ou Tortue molle du Nile, Ciiv. R. A. ii. 15.

Ilah. North Africa; Nile; Egypt; Abyssinia; W.Africa.

a. Adult (stuffed). Anterior dorsal plate luiited to the

others. Egypt. Presented by Turnbull Christie,
M.D.

c. Half-grown (in spirits). Brown, with small white specks
on shields and body, with some series of rather larger
specks. G. JNIassam, W. Africa.

b. Very young (stuffed). Egyjit. Presented by Turnbull

Christie, M.D.

/. Young (in spirits). W. Africa. Mr. Rich's Collection.

d. Half-grown (stuffed). Anterior dorsal plate scarcely

united. Egypt. From the Zoological Society.

e. Adult (stuffed). Egypt. Mr. Thornton's Collection.

Osteology. Tab. XLIIL fig. 2, skull.

Trionyx labiosus. Bell, Testudiaata, t. , dorsum and

sternum.

y. Skeleton (mounted). Egypt. Dr. Riippell's Collection.

h. Skeleton (mounted) of smaller animal. From the Zoo-
logical Society.

8. Trionyx Argus. The Eyed Tyrse.

Olive-black, with numerous pale-edged, narrow, black
rings. Head and feet marbled with black, with a black-
edged yellow streak from the tip of the nose to the ear,
enclosing the eye ; lips yellow, black-edged ; nuchal bone
transverse, separate. Sternal callosities 4 ; hinder ones
rather distant ; anterior vertebral bone broad, with two pits
in the suture.

Tyrse Argus, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 48 ; Knowsley Me-
nag. t.

a. Half-grown (stuifed). West Africa ; Sierra Leone ?
Presented by the Earl of Derby.

Consult — Trionyx Mortoni, Hallowell in Proc. Acad. Sci.
Phi/ad. ii. 120. Ilab. Africa.

*** American.
9. Trionyx ferox. The Fierce Trionyx.

Thorax very depressed, with a series of spinous tubercles
on the front edge of the back. Head with a dark-edged
streak from nostril across the eyes to the temples. A con-
tinued longitudinal central series of keeled spines on the
hinder part of the back, and other smaller series of smaller
tubercles.

Trionyx ferox, Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 93 (1830).

Merreni, Tent. 20.

Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212 ; Syn. 43.

Say, Joiirn. Acad. Philad. ii. 203.

Schlegel, Faun. Japan, t. 5. f. a, head.

Schweig. Prad. 285.
Testudo ferox, Penn. Phil. Trans. Ixi. 266. t. 10. f. 5.

Schneid. Schildk. 330.

Schoepf. Test. t. 19.

Shaw, Zaal. iii. 64. t. 17. f. 1.
La Molle, Lacep. Q. O. i. 137. t. 7.
Trionyx Georgicus, Gcaff'. Ann. Mus. xiv. 7.
Trionyx spiniferus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. xv. 258. t. 15.

ilolbraak, X. A. Ilerpet. ed. 2. ii. 11. t. 1.

Be Kay, New York, 6. t. 6. f. 11.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

C9

Gvinnopus spiniferus, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 477. t. 22.

■f. 1 ; Cat. Meth. R. 22.
Trionyx carinatus, Geo^. Ann. Mns. xiv. t. 4.

Merrem, Tent. 21, youna;.
Aspidonectes feiox, IVayler, Sijst. t. 2. f. 34, 3.5.
Trionyx Biongniartii, Schweiy. Prod. i. 288.
Freslmater Turtle, Garden.
Fierce Turtle, Shaw.
Testudo Boddaertii, Schneid. Leipz. Ma(/. Nat. ^ CE/cnn.

1706, iii. 263.
Platypeltis ferox, Fitz. Sijst. Rept. 30.

Hab. North America ; Georgia and Florida ; New Or-
leans.

(I. Adult (stuffed). North America. Presented by the
Royal Society. The specimen described and figured
by Pennant (re-stuffed).

b. Half-grown (iu spirits). North America.

c. Young (in spirits ; bleached). North America. Mr.

Frank's Collection.

d. Very young (in spirits). Back with small dark rings.

North America ; Wabash River. From the Paris
Museum .

Trion\-x ocellatus, Lesueur, Wied, Voy.Amer. Sept. iii. 242.
Trionyx annulatus, ITled, Voy. Amer. Sept. iii. 242.

Of all the animals of the familv of Chelomdes, they fur-
nish the most delicious and nourishing food. — Leconte.

M. Wagler separates Trionyx carinatus, Geoff., into a
section of his genus Aspidonectes distinct from T. ferox,
and he regards T. ferox, T. muticus and T. spiniferus as
three species. — Syst. 134.

e. Adult female. With a row of large spines in front of
the disk. North America. Mr. W. Smith's Collec-
tion.

f. Adult male. Back of shell deformed, very high, almost

conical ; front edge of disk with a series of spines.
North America.

g. Half-grown (stuffed). Front of disk with very small

spines. North America. Mr. W. Smith's Collection.

In these three specimens (e, f y) there is a greater space
between the inner ends of the lateral callosities than in the
one described by Pennant, but this may probably arise from
their not being quite so adult.

The following species are very doubtful. The first ap-
pears to depend on a badly observed young specimen, and
the latter most probably arises from the error of the artist
and the describer.

10. Trionyx muticus. The Unarmed Trionyx.

Thorax much depressed, without any spinous tubercles
on the front edge.

Trionyx muticus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. xv. 257. t. 7.

hulbrook, N. A. He'pet. ii. 19. t. 2.

Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 95 (1830).

Gray, Syn. Rept. 46.
Gymuopus muticus, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 482.

Hab. North Auierica ; North-western lakes and Western
rivers. Mus. Paris.

" I cannot however as yet consider it perfectly distinct."
— Leconte.

The Soft-sc.\led Turtle, Bartram, Travels, t. 2.

Trionyx Bartrami, Baud. Rept. ii. 74.

Leconte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 96 (1830).
Tortue de Bartram, Cuv. R. A. n. 16.
Testudo ferox verrucosa, Schoepjf. Hist. Test. 96.
Chelys Bartrami, Geo^. Ann. Mus. xiv. )8.
Trionyx ferox (3. verrucosa, Schweiy. Prod. 286.

Hab. North America (Bartram).

Cuvier {R.A.n. 15), I think, correctly, regards Bartram's
figure as only a T. ferox to which the artist has given addi-
tional claws, and some aiijjearance of dorsal shields, pro-
bably arising from the specimen having been partially dried,
so as to show the bones through the skin.

4. DOGANLA..
Head large, broad behind. Muzzle elongate, conical.
Lips thick. Dorsal shield flexible on the edge. Ribs 8-t^,
not united into a solid disk until late in life. Sternum
narrow at each end ; callosities 2, small, only attached to
the outer processes of the front lateral sternal bones. Epi-
sternal lines forming a V, but not contiguous at their base.
Tail very short.

Dogania, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 49 (1844).

Gymnopus, sp., Bum. ly Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 497 ; Cat. Meth.

R. 21.
Amyda, sp., Schweiyyer.
Amyda, Fitc. Syst. Rept. 30 (1843).
Aspidonectes, sp., Jf'ayler, Syst. lo4. ,

1. Dogania subplana. The Dogania. Tab. XXXIII.

Shell flattened ; disk varied with yellow, with brown
venniculations. Head yellow-varied ; sternal tubercles 2,
small, lateral.

Dogania subplana, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 49.
Trionyx subplanus, Geoff'. Ann. Mus. xiv. 11. t. 5. f. 2.
Schweiy. Prod. 289.

70

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

Tvionys subplanus. Gray, Syn. 48 ; Illnst. hid. Zool. t.

Schlegel, Faun. Japon. 34.
Gymnopus subplanus, Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 497 ; Cat.

'Meth. R. 23.
Amyda subplana, Fit:. Sysf. Rept. 30.

Hafj. Japan.

a. Half-grown (dry). Stemaltubercles 2, very indistinctly
indicated, narrow. Presented by Gen. Th. Hardwicke.

fj. Half-grown (in spirits). Head brown, minutely white-
dotted, with a narrow brown streak from each nostril
to the eve, and with some very indistinct brown Unes
on the "crown ; lip brown, with larger white spots.
Back brown, very indistinctly white-dotted. Japan.
From ^lus. Levden.

§§ Head elongate ; face very short ; eyes anterior.

5. CHITRA.
Head very depressed, large, dilated behind. INIuzzle
very short, broad. Lips very thick. Shield Hexible on
the edge. Ribs 8-8. Vertebral bones distinct, narrow.
Sternum narrow at each end. Sternal callosities 4. Epi-
sternal lines elongate, far apart, nearly parallel. Skull
much elongated and depressed.

Chitra, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 49 (1844).
Gvninopus, sp.. Bum. i^ Bifj. Erp. Gen. ii. 491
'Mefk. R. 22.

Cantor, Cat. Rept. Malay. 10.

Cat.

1. CMtra Indica. The Sewteree.
Shield much depressed, with a narrow longitudinal central
depression ; the anterior vertebra broad, crescent-shaped ;
anterior sternal bones short ; lateral callosities oblong, four-
sided, with parallel sides ; hmder triangular, front edge
straight.

Chitra Indica, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 49.

Trionyx Indicus, Gray, Syn. Rept. 47.

Trionyx ^Egyptiacus, var. Indicus, Gray, Illiist. Ind. Zool.

i. t. 80.
Testudo Chitra, B. Hamilton, Icon. ined.
Gymnopus lineatus, Dum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 491 ; Cat.

'Meth. R. 22.

Hnb. India ; Ganges ; Philippines.

c, d. Half-grown and young. The inner edge of lateral
callosities slightly diverging in front ; anterior sternal
bones narrow, elongate. India. Capt. Boys' Collec-
tion.

a. Adult (stuffed). Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cu-

ming's Collection.

b. Very young (in spirits). Olive; front of shield covered

with close round subconic warts. Head olive, minutely

black-dotted ; throat olive, minutely white-dotted.
Philippine Islands.

Osteology. Tab. XLII.

c. Skull and os hyoides (very large). Nepaul. Presented
by H. Falconer, M.D.

The shells of the living specimens are remarkably de-
pressed and smooth ; above, greenish-olive, vermiculated
and spotted with brown or rust colour ; beneath greenish-
white.

" At Pinang this species is frequently taken in the fishing
stakes. The Chinese inhabitants greatly relish this, as
well as Tyrse Javanica, as articles of food. Individuals
weighing 240 lbs. occur in the Ganges, and others of gi-
gantic dimensions are not uncommon at Pinang. It is very
powerful and of ferocious habits. The largest individual
measured: — Head 6 ; neck 5 ; shell 37 ; tail 4 inches." —
Cantor.

B. Pinnata. Feet pinnate.

Chelone (Chelonia), Brongniart, Bull. Soc. Philom. 18 .

Bnmeril, Zool. Anal. (1806).
Chelonii, Oppel, ReptiUen (1811).
Chelones ou Tortues marines. Baud.
Les Tortues de mer, Llaubenton, Ency. Mith.

Cuv. R.A. ii. 12, ed. 2. ii. 13.
Sea Tortoises or Turtles, Shaw, Zool.
Testudmes marinae, PI in. II. N. ix. c. 20, xxxii. c. 4.
Testudinata pinnata, Merrem, Tent. 1 7.

Be!l, Zool. Journ. iii.
Testudines oiacopodes, U'agler, Syst. Amph. 133 (1820).
Eretmochelones, Ritzen, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiv.

269 (1828).
Thalassites ou Tortues marines, Dum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii.
506 ; Cat. Meth. R. 24.

Fam. V. CHELONIAD^ (Turtles).

Head globose, shielded ; nostrils rather tubular. Beaks
horny, naked. Neck short, suhretractUe. Feet very long,
not retractile, compressed, fin-shaped ; toes depressed, ex-
panded at the end, and often armed with flat claws ; front
feet longest. Tail short, thick.

Shell low, cordate, with a defined liony margin, coveretl
with horny shields or a leathery skin. Ribs free at the
end. Sternum rmg-like, cartilaginous in the centre, and
only united to the thorax by a cartilaginous suture.

Seas of torrid and temperate zones : some eating alg£e,
as Ch. Midas, which are used for food, and imported as a
luxurv ; others, mollusca and radiated animals, as Ch. Ca-

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

71

reffa, only collected for their oil. The horny shields are
used for ornamental purposes.

CheloniadK, Grmj, Ann. Phil. x. 212 (1825).
Chelonidse, Sivainson, Lard. Cyclop. 344.

Bonap. Saggio Anini. Vert. 13 (1832) ; Tab. Analyt.
11 (1836).
Caret toides, Fit:inger, Nette Class. (1826).
Sphars;id£e, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212.
Cheloiiiee, Fit:. Sy.it. Rept. 30.
Chelonas, Wiegmann i|- Ruthe, Handh. Zoo/. 164.
Dermatochelydae, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.
Chelonise oiacopodse, TTagler.

Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.
Ilalichelones, Rit:en, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xi%'. 269

(1828).
Chelonea (b), Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 270 (1822).
Chelonia (Tortues de mer), Brorign.

Ciiv. R.A. ii. 12.

Oppel, Rept. (1811).
Caretta et Sphargis, Merrem, Tent. 17.

Synopsis of the Genera.

a. Shell covered with a coriaceous skin. Sphargiua.

1. Sphargis. Shell covered with a coriaceous skin. Claws none.

b. Shell covered with horny shields. Chelonianina.

2. Caonana. Shell covered with 15 or more horny, truncated,

not imbricate shields, which are strongly keeled in the young.
First and second toes clawed.

3. Caretla. Shell covered with l.'i horny shields, imbricate and

produced behind. Sternum strongly keeled on each side in
all ages. First and sometimes the second toe clawed.

4. Chelonia. Shell covered with 13 truncated, not imbricate,

horny shields, smooth in all ages. First linger of each fin
clawed.

a. Shell covered with a coriaceous shin. Sphargina.

Sphargidfe, Grai/, Ann. Phil. x. 212 (1825).

Bell, Zool.'journ. iii. 516 (1828).
Dermatochelydse, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.
Sphargidiiia, Bonap. Saggio Anim. Vert. 13 (1832) ; Tab.

Analyt. 11 (1836).
Dermatochelys, Blainv. Bull. Soc. Philom. (1816) ; Joui-n.
de Phys. (1816).

TVagler, Syst. 133 (1830).
" Lesveur" fide Cuv. R. A. ed. 2. ii. 14.
Mydse, Rit:en, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur.xiv. 269 (1828).

1. SPHARGIS.

Shell cordate, depressed, deeply longitudinally grooved,
covered with a continuous coriaceous skin. Feet long.
Claws replaced by small coriaceous scales. Beaks strong ;

upjier with a very distinct notch on each side of the broad
central notch.

Sphargis, Mer rem, Tent. 19.

Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212 (1825).

Bell, Zool. Journ. iii. 516 (1828).

Wiegmann iji- Ruthe, Handb. Zool. 164.

Bum. f Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 560 ; Cat. Meth. R. 25.
Coriudo, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 271 (1822).

Harlan, Amer. Rept.
Dermatochelys, Blainv. Diet. Sc. Nat. ; Journ. de Phys.
(1816) ; Bull. Soc. Philom. (1816).

Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.

" Lesuenr," Cuvier.

TVagler, Syst. 133(1830).
Scytuia, IVagler.

1. Sphargis coriacea. The Luth.
Thorax ovate, cordate, sharply three-keeled.

Sphargis coriacea. Gray, Syn. Rept. 51.

Dmn. ^-Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 560. t. 24. f. 2 ; Cat. Meth.
R. 25.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ed. 2. ii. 45. t. 6.

DeKay, N. York, 4. t. 5. f. 9.

Storrer, Massach. Rept. 207. t.
Testudo coriacea, Linn. Syst. Nat. 350.

Schneid. Schildk. 312.

Latr. Rept. i. 58. t. 2. f. 1.

Shaw, Zool. t. 18. f. 1.

Lacep. Q. O. i. t. 3.
Coriudo coriacea, Harlan, Amer. Rept. 85.
Testudo Lyra, Donnd.

Sphargis Mercurii, Rond. De Pise. Mar. t. 5. f. 3.
S. mercurialis, Merrem, Tent. 19.

Temm. F. Japon. 6. t. 1-3.

Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212.
Dermatochelys atlautica, Lesueur, Cuv. R. A. ii. 14.
Testudo tuberculata, Penn. Phil. Trans. Ixi., young.

Schoepjf. Test. t. 29.

Gravenh. Delic. t.
Spinose Tortoise and Tuberculated Tortoise, Penn.
Coriaceous Turtle, Shaw.

Hab. Mediterranean ; Atlantic Ocean {rare) ; Cape of
Good Hope (Horstok); Chili (Molina); North America
{Lesuenr) ; Japan, called Jalafa {Siebold).

Young. — Thorax black, covered with a coriaceous skin,
divided into numerous small polygonal scales ; back
with seven white lougitudiual ridges ; belly white, with
rather larger regular small polygonal shields ; fore-feet
nearly as long as the shell, wliite-edged.

Testudo tuberculata, Gravenh. Delic. t.

Phil. Trans. Ixi. f. 4, 5.

Schoepf. Test. t. 29.
Dermatochelys porcata, IVagler, Syst. 133. t. 1. f. 1, 23.

Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.

a. Stuffed (adult) . England ; coast of Dorsetshire.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

h. StufFed Tadult ; not in good state). West Indies; Nevis.
Presented by W. Cottle, Esq.

c, d. In spirits (young). ^

Rondeletius {De Pise. Mar. 4.11) thought that it was
from the bones of this animal that the ancients formed
their lyres, and for this reason it was called the Luth by
Lacepede ; but the remains of the Greek lyre in the British
Museum are evidentlv formed from bones of Testudo grieca.

A skull labelled T. coriacea, from the Pacific Ocean,
presented by Mr. Collie to the Haslar Museum, is so like
that of C. Midas, as not to be distinguished from it ; the
hole of the ear appears rather rounder than in the other
skull, but very slightly so.

b. Shell covered with horny shields. Chelonina.

Cheloniadse, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212 (182.5)

Bell, Zonl. Journ. iii. 516 (1828).
Chelonife, TT'ief/mann ^- Ruthe, Handb. Zool. 165.

Fifz. Sysi. Rejjf. 30.
Chelonina, Bonap. Sagyio Anim. Vert. 13 (1832); Tub.

Anrihjt. 11 (183fi).
Caretta, Merrem, Tent. 17.

Carettoe, Rit:en, Nov. Act. Acad. Nut. Cur. xiv. 269 (1828).
Chelonia, JT'agler, Sysf. Rept. 133.

Bum. 4'- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 538.
Chelone, Ritze.i, Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xiv. 269(1828).

* The inner surface of the upper and louder jaws simply
concave; shields thin, rather membranaceous, brittle.
Young three-heeled.

2. CAOUANA.

Thorax ovate, cordate, covered with fifteen thin, trun-
cated, not imbricated shields, which are keeled in the young.
Head large. Jaws slightly curved towards each other at
the tip ; side of the lower jaws covered with angular plates.
Marginal ])lates 27 (rarely 25). Carnivorous, eating mol-
lusca and Crustacea.

Youny three-keeled.

The additional ])air of discal shields occupies the side of
the narrow first vertebral shield, the three covering the
space occupied by the broad front vertebral shield of Che-
lonia.

Caouana, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 21 (1825) ; Cat. Tort. B.M.

Thalassochelvs, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30 (1843).

Ilaliohelys, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.

Lepidochelys, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.

Caretta, sp., Merrem, Tent. 18.

Chelonia /3, sp., TT'ayler, Syst. 133.

Chelonees Caouanes, Bum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 552 ; Cat.

Meth. R. 25.
Thalassochelys, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.

The skull (Cuv. Oss. Foss. t. 11. f. 1-4) broad, short ;
forehead flat, shelving, with the nose on the slope of the
face ; the inner surface of the bones of the jaws smooth
(the ridges being on the homy sheath). The pterygoids
are broad, concave, with a deep diverging groove on each
behind, edging the very narrow linear ridge-like triangular
part of the body of the sphenoid, which has part of the
basilary between it. Last vertebral bone narrow, elongate,
thick-keeled, of nearly the same width the whole length.

The outer edge of the pterygoid bones is produced into
a lobe in the middle : this lobe appears to diminish in size
as the skull reaches adult age.

The frontal (Cur. Oss. Foss. t. 11 . f. 2/) does not ap-
pear to increase in size so rapidly as the other bones, being
larger in comparison in the young than in the adult skulls.

1. Caouana Caretta. The Caouanne or Loggerhead.

Claws two on each foot ; back convex, rounded, toothed
behind ; vertebral plates six-sided, keeled, rather longer
than wide ; caudal plate squarish, longer than broad, hinder
marginal plate rather wider than the rest ; costal shields of
young keeled above.

Caouana Caretta, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 52.
Testudo Caretta, Linn. Syst. Nat. 351.

fT'alb. Clielon. 4. 95.

Schoepf. Test. t. 16 & 16 B, t. 17. f. 3.

Show, Zool. ii. t. 23-25.
T. cephalo, Schneid. Schildk. 303.

Temm. Faun. Japon. 25. t. 4. f. 1, 2 ; t. 6. f. 3.
T. Caouana, Bechst. in Lacep. i. 110.

Baud. Rept. ii. 54. t. 16. f. 2.
Chelonia Caouana, Schweig. Prod. 292.

Wagler, Syst. 133. t. 1. f. 1. 23.

Gray, Syn. Rept. 53.

Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 544 ; Cat. Meth. R. 25.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii. 33. t. 4.
Ch. virgata, JVagler, Icon. t. 29 (not Cuv.).
Ch. pelagiorum, Valenc. Rept. Morea, t. 10.
Testudo corticata. Rondel.
T. marina Caouanna, Ray, Quad. Ovip. 257.
The Loggerhead Turtle, Brown, Jam. 465.

Catesby, Carol, ii. 40. t 40.
La Caouanne, Labat, Voy. Amer. i. 184. 311.

Luclp. Q. O. i. 96.
Test, nasicornis, Lnc^p.

Edw. Birds, t. 206.
Rhinoceros Turtle, Shaiv, Zool. t. 14, very young.
Thalassochelys Caouana, Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.

Young black ; back three-keeled ; central highest.

Hab. Atlantic Ocean ; Azores ; Messina ; Morea ; Mar-
tinique ; Rio Janeiro.

a. Half-grown (in spirits). Costal shield keeled above,
margin toothed ; not in good state. Sloane Collection.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

73

c. Adult (stuffed). Back covered vdt\\ Chehiiobia ; hinder

margiiiiil plates less acute ; caudal plate elongate, sub-
trianijular. Atlantic Ocean. Modelled in the Pedi-
ment of the Museum.

d. Half-grown (stuffed). Hinder marginal plates acute,

rather produced ; caudal scarcely elongated. Atlantic
Ocean.

ff. Half-grown (stuffed).

h. Half-grown (stuffed).

_;'. Very young (in spirits). Black ; centre of upper and
hinder edge of lower beak, the prominences of the
sternal shields, and a very narrow margin to the mar-
ginal shields, whitish.

m. Young (in spirits). Lost the greater part of dorsal
plates.

Osteology : —

Cuv. Oss. Foss. V. 187. t. 11. f. 1-4, skull; t. 12. f. 43,

OS hyoides ; t. 12. f. 5.
Wagle'r, Syst. Amjyh. t. 1. f. 3, 4.

b. Half-grown (dorsal shield only).

e. Skull (very large). Costal shields smooth. India?

Presented by Thomas Bell, Esq.
Chelonia Riippellii, Grat/, B.M.

f. Half-grown. Back and belly shielded. Coast of Devon-

shire. Presented by J. Wilson, Esq.
Testudo Caretta, Mag. N. H. new ser. iv. 136.

i. Half-grown (upper shield only) .

k. Half-grown skeleton (mounted).

I. Skull. Ceylon. Presented by Dr. J. Davy.

2. Caouana olivacea. The Olive Caouanne.
Claws one on each foot ; marginal shields 27 ; back flat,
sides rather concave, side edges expanded, slightly bent up ;
vertebral plates narrow, elongate, longer than wide ; verte-
bral shields very sharply keeled ; caudal plate subtriangular,
longer than broad, much larger than the other marginal
plates ; head moderate.

Caouana olivacea. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 53.
Chelonia olivacea, Esc/isc/io/fCf Zool. Atl. t. 3.

Cantor, Cat. Rept. Malay. 13.
Lepidochelys olivacea, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 30.
Thalassochelys olivacea. Fit:. 'Syst. Rept. 30.
Ch. caouana, var.. Gray, Syn. 54.
Ch. Dussumierii, Bum. S^ Bib. Erp. G^n. ii. 557 : Cat

Met/i. R. 25.
Ch. subcarinata, Riipp. MS. Mus. Franc/. ?

Hab. Indian Ocean ; Malabar ; Philippines.

a. Very young (in spirits). Dark brown ; neck, fins, and

under side paler brown ; without any narrow anterior
vertebral plate (the two united I). Philippine Islands.

b. Stuffed (adult). With a narrow anterior vertebral plate.

" Young. Above blackish-olive, lighter than in the adult;
shell and fin edges with pale yellow. Sternum pale green-
ish-yellow, washed with chestnut ; areola blackish.

" Adult. Head brown ; shell blackish-green, some of the
marginal scales of the fins yellow. Sternum yellow, washed
with chestnut; 27 marginal shields ; fin with one nail.

" The shell is broad, subcordiform, its length exceeding
its breadth by ^\, three-keeled, the vertebral keel strongest,
dentated behind ; marginal shields 27, obliquely placed,
the first and fourth pairs of costals and the fourth vertebral
shield each divided into two pieces.

" The flesh of the Chelonia olivacea, though relished by
the Chinese settler in Pinang, is unpalatable to Europeans."
— Cantor.

3. Caouana elongata. The Long Caouanne.
Shell elongate, rather flattened in the middle, convex on
the sides, and slightly dilated and flattened upon the side
and contracted on the hinder edges ; marginal plates 27,
last pair much longer ; caudal plates square, large, much
longer than broad ; vertebral plates elongate, sis-sided, half
as long again as broad. Claws ? Head . ?

Caouana elongata. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 53.
Hab. ?

a. Shell only (adult).

** The inner surface of the jaws with an angular subcen-
tral ridge on the upper, and a sharp ridge on the inner
edge of the lower one. Shields thick, horny, brittle,
imbricate. Young three-keeled.

3. CARETTA.
Thorax ovate, cordate, three-keeled, covered with 13
thick, horny, keeled plates, which are produced and imbri-
cate on their hinder edge. Muzzle elongate, compressed.
Beaks moderate, upper edge straight, toothless, lower slightly
recurved ; side of lower beak with a single elongated shield.
Sternum keeled on each side. Fins each with 2 claws.
Palate concave, broad, narrow behind ; front of upper jaw
with a single central ridge ; lower concave, with rather
strong ridges on the inner edge. The last vertebral bone
broad, short, half-ovate, about as long as wide at the
base.

Caretta, Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 53(1844).
Chelonia (Eremochclys), Fitz. Syst. Rept. 30.
Caretta, sp., Merrem, Tent. 17.
Chelonia (a), Jl'ayler, Syst. 133.

Chelone'es imbriquees, Dum. ij- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 547 ; Cat
, Meth. R. 24.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

1. Caretta imbricata. The Caret.

Shell subcordiform, yellow, brown-marbled ; back keeled,
shelving, strongly toothed behind.

Caretta imbricata. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 53.
Chelonia imbricata, Schweig. Prod. 291.

Gray, Syn. 25. t. 7. f. 2.

Bum. ^-Bib. Er2). Gen. ii. 547. t. 13. f. 2; Cat. Meth.
R. 24.

Temm. Faun. Japon. 13. t. 5. f. 12, t. 6. f. 4.

Cantor, Malay. Rept. 13.

Holbrook, N. A. Herpet. ii. 39. t. 5.
Testiido imbricata, Lhm. Syst. Nat. 350.

Schneid. Schildk. 309.

Shaio, Zool. iii. t. 26, 27.

Baud. Rept. ii. 39.

Schoepff. Test. t. 18 A. B ; t. 17. f. 1, young.
T. Caretta, Knorr, Belie, ii. 124. t. 50.
Chelonia mnltiscutata, Kiihl, Beytr. 78, monstrosity ?
Ch. pseudo-Caretta, Lesson, Voy. Bel. 302.
The Scaled Tortoise, Grew, Mus. 38. t. 3. f. 4.

Seba, i. t. 80. f. 9.
Eretmochelys imbricata, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 30.

Hub. Indian Ocean ; Amboyna ; New Guinea ; Sey-
chelles ; Havanna ; Red Sea.

a, b. Ilalf-grown (stuffed). Shell elongate, narrow.

d. Young (stuffed). Shell broad.

f. Very young (stuffed). Wants one fin.

ff. Adult (stuffed). M. Parzudaski's Collection.

h. Adult (stuffed). Raines' Island. Presented by Capt.
John William Ince, R.N.

i. Half-grown (stuffed). Mr. Tucker's Collection.

j. Half-grown (stuffed).

k. Young (stuffed). Shell narrow. From Haslar Hos-
pital.

l. Young (stuffed). From the Zoological Society.

Osteology : —

c. Half-grown (upper shield only).

e. Lower shield of young.

m. Skeleton. The Paris IMuseum.

n,o,p, q. Adult (upper shield only).

Back of Barn Island.

Head brown, scales edged or rayed with yellow. Shell
yellow, marbled or rayed with rich brown. Sternum yel-
lowish-white.

" In the yoiiny the areola of the sternal shield black." —
Cantor.

" The Caret or Hawkbill Turtle is called Kookeoloo or
Kooseomboo by the Cingalese. It is caught on the southern
coast of the island (Ceylon), and is very abundant at Point
de Galle and Matura. It is rare on the northern part of the

coast. Some specimens are sold for as much as £4 ; the
price depends on the quality of the shell (shields). It is
said that the natives remove some of the shields while the
animal is alive, and return it to the sea; the shields are
said to be reproduced, but for the truth of this we cannot
vouch. The natives eat the flesh of this Turtle, but it is
unpalatable to Europeans." — Kelaart, Reptiles of Ceylon,
181.

*** The inner surface of the upper and lower jaws with
an acute ridge, concentric with the outer edge of the
upper and inner of the lower jaw. Shield horny,
thick, not imbricate. Young not keeled.

4. CHELONLA..

Discal shields 13, not imbricate, truncated behind.
Muzzle short, rounded. Jaws moderate, upper slightly
notched in front, and feebly toothed on the side, lower den-
ticulated, with a single elongate plate upon each side. The
front toe of each fin clawed. Feeding on alga.

Chelonia, Fleming, Phil. Zool. ii. 271 (1822).

Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212 (1851) ; Cut. Tort. B.M. 54.

Belt, Zool. Journ. iii. 516.

Fit:. Syst. Rept. 30.
Chelonia, sp.

Chelonia /3, sp., TTagler, Syst. 133.
Caretta, sp., Merre?n, Tent. 18.

Cheloutes franches, Dum. ^ Bib. Erp. Gin. ii. 538 ; Cat.
Meth. R. 24.

Beaks not hooked ; upper jaw with two arched ridges,
the inner one slightly marginal, the outer one near the
margin, and interrupted by a deep pit in front ; of lower
jaw strongly toothed ou the edge, with a strong subcentral
ridge, with a large conical prominence in the middle, and a
deep pit on each side in front of it.

The ptervgoids concave, much contracted on each side,
in the middle broad ; they and the flattened expanded tri-
angular part of the sphenoid form a broad concave space on
the back of the palate.

f The vertebral bones behind the last rib transverse, broad
in front, divided by two cross sutures.

Chelonia § a. Gray, Cat. Tort. B.M. 54.

1. Chelonia virgata. The Carey.

Shell short, subtectiform, chestnut, varied with yellow
and rayed with brown ; sides strongly arched.

Chelonia virgata, Schweig. Prod. 291.
Cuu.R. ^. ii. 41.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

75

Chelonia viriiata, Guer. Icon. t. 1. f. 4.

Dicm. ^- Bib. Eip. Gen. ii. 541 (not Wagler) ; Cat.
Mcih. R. 24.

Sa(/ra, Cuba Rept. 26. t. 3.
Ch. INIidas D, Gray, Syn. 52.
" Cb. fasciata, Cuvier" Schlegel, F. Japon. 26.

Schoepff. Test. t. 16 B.

Bruce, Voy. t. 42.
Chelonia maculosa, Citv. R. A. ii. 13.

Dum. S,' Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 544 ; Cat. Meth. R. 24.
C. lacrymata, Cuv. R. A. ii. 13.
C. Midas, var. ft, Gray, Syn. Rept. 32.
C. marmorata. Bum. ^- Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. 546. t. 23. f. 1 ;
Cat. Meth. R. 24.

Shaw, Zool. ii. 13. t. 22, var.

Hub. Indian Seas ; Cape of Good Hope ; New Guinea.

/. Half-grown (stuffed). Wants some plates. Dr. Man-
tell's Collection.

Osteology : —

a. Young (upper shield only) . Vertebral shields broader

than long. Atlantic Ocean. Presented bv W. Eling,
Esq.

b. Adult (stuffed). Vertebral shield longer than broad.

South America.

c. Half-grown (upper shield only). Vertebral shields ra-

ther longer than broad. South America ?

d. Half-grown (upper shield). Vertebral shield rather

broader than long.

e. Half-grown (upper shield). Vertebral shield as broad

as long. From Haslar Hospital.

h. Adult. Upper shield very dark-coloured.
g. Half-grown skeleton.

Young ? Black or greenish-olive ; chin, under side, broad
edge of shell and fin, and the base of the hinder fin,
white.

a. Very young (stuffed). Margin of the shell and fin
white. China. Presented by J. E,. Reeves, Esq.

h. Very young (in spirits). Neck whitish.

c, d, e. Very young (in spirits).

f, g, h. Very young (in spirits).

»'. Very young (stuffed). From the Zoological Society.

" Young. Head, shell and fins greenish-black ; margin
of the shell and fins and sternum white.

" Adult. Head and fins chestnut, scales edged with yel-
low. Shell greenish-yellow, with chestnut rays and spots.
Sternum gamboge or greenish-yellow.

"This species, the 'Pinyu' of the Malays of Pinang, is

at all seasons plentifully taken in the fishing stakes in the
Straits of Malacca, and is the ' Green Turtle ' of the Euro-
pean inhabitants of our Malayan settlement and of the sea-
ports of India. In size it equals Chelonia Midas, Schweig.
(of the Atlantic), which it rivals in flavour. About De-
cember and January is the season when the female deposits
her eggs in the sandy beach of some sequestered island,
and then the fishermen watch during the moonlight nights
to ' turn turtles.' The eggs are of a spherical shape,
about one inch in diameter, covered with a soft hemitrans-
parent membrane of a pale yellowish colour. The expert
eye of the fisherman baffles the pains with which the turtle
conceals her eggs, and prodigious numbers are disinterred.
They are very rich-flavoured, like marrow, and will keep
for weeks although exposed to the air." — Cantor.

" The breadth of the fronto-nasal shield in Chelonia vir-
gata is only one-third of the length, whereas in Chelonia
Midas it is one-half, and these proportions appear to be
constant in all ages of the two species. The very young
of both greatly resemble each other in colour and shape.
Six liy-ing young were all of the following dimensions : —
Head ^ ; neck j ; shell 2 ; tail \ of an inch ; and they pre-
sented the following peculiarities : —

" The shell cordiforin, the length exceeding the breadth
by one-eighth ; the second vertebral shield much broader
than the first, and altogether the largest of the series ; the
second costal shield larger than the third ; the breadth of
the fronto-nasal shield one-third of the length. Each fin
with a single claw." — Cantor.

"This Turtle (^Chelonia virc/ata) is found all round the
island (Ceylon), and is very numerous in the Trincomalie
Harbour for several months in the year ; a good-sized one
can be bought for 6d., a very large one for \s. 6d. to 2s. The
flesh of this Turtle is not far behind in flavour that of the
well-known Green Turtle (Chelonia Mydas), so famous for
making the T\irtle soup. The female lays from 100 to 200
eggs of a globular shape, with a soft semitransparent cal-
careous shell, which are much prized as articles of food by
natives and Europeans. A native will consume as many as
20 or 30 eggs at one meal, and we have seen Europeans eat
a dozen for breakfast." — Kelaart, Reptiles of Ceylon, 181.

ff The vertebral bones behind the last rib narrow, linear
or vase-shaped, attenuated behind.

Chelonia §**, Grai/, Cat. Tort. B.M. 54.
Chelonia, Fit:. Sy'st. Rept. 30.

2. Chelonia viridis. The Green Turtle.
Shell subrotundiform, rather elongate, olive-green, when

M 2

76

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

dry fulvous, with brown spots ; back rounded ; vertebral
shields hexagonal, nearly as long as broad.

Chelonia viridis, Temm. Fawn. Japan. 18. t. 4. f. 4-6 ; t. 6.

f. 1, 2.
Testudo viridis, Schneid. Schildk. 309. t. 2.
Testudo Mydas, Lati: Kept. i. 22. t. 1. f. 1.

Baud. Bept. ii. 10. t. 16.

Schoepf. Test. t. 17. f. 2.
Chelonia Midas, Schweig. Prod. 291.

Gray, Syn. 52.

Bum. Sf Bib. Erp. Gen. ii. .538.

Holbronk, N. Amer. Herpet. ii. 25. t. 3.
Caretta esculenta, Merrem, Tent. 18.
Testudo Japonica, Thunb.
Testudo Thunbergii, Merrem, Tent. 19.
T. Cepedienne, Baud. Bept. ii. 50. t. 17. f. 1.
Chelonia Mydas, Gray, Ann. Phil. x. 212.
Chelonia esculenta, Wiegm. ^- Buthe, Handb. Zoo!. 164.

Hab. Atlantic Ocean ; North America ; Rio Janeiro ;
Ascension ; Guiana ; India ; Bourbon ; New Holland.

a, b. Half-grown (stuffed). Brazils.

Osteology : —

Chelonia ?, Cuv. Oss. Foss. v. t. 13. f. 2, 3, back ; v.

206. t. 13. f. 6, sternum ; t. 12. f. 15 & 39, hand and

foot.
Testudo mydas, Spix, Cephal. t. 1. f. 5 ; t. 2. f. 5, skull.
Caouane, Bojanus, Parergon. f. 192-195.

c. Skull of young; weighed 66 lbs. From Dr. Mautell's

Collection.

d. Head, with the shields.

(?,/. Skulls of adult; weighed 375 lbs. Ascension. Pre-
sented by — Wauds, Esq.

g. Skull of adult. Imperfect: discoloured.

Tomig 1 Blackish-brown, keeled ; chin, under surface and

narrow edge of shell and fins brownish-white.

a, b, c, d. Very young (in spirits). Ascension. Presented
by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher.

e. Very young (in spirits). Sternal plates 6. Ascension.

Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher.
/. Very young (in spirits). First vertebral plate irregular.

Ascension. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward Belcher.

g, h. Very young (in spirits) . Vertebral plates irregular,
6 or 7. Ascension. Presented by Capt. Sir Edward
Belcher.

i. Very young (in spirits). Costal plates 5 • 5 ; last ver-
tebral narrow. Ascension. Presented by Capt. Sir
Edward Belcher.

j, k. Very young (in spirits). Plates normal. Ascension
Island. From H.M.S. Chanticleer.

/. Very young (dry).

The skulls differ considerably in the convexity of the
forehead, and they offer two distinct peculiarities, which
may indicate two species or the two sexes.

In one form, of which I have examined four skulls of
different ages, the width at the condyles of the upper jaw
is the same as the distance from the edge of the vertebral
condyle to the front edge of the palatine opening.

In the other variety, of which I have examined five, all
adult, skulls, the width of the condyles of the jaw is
considerably more (half an inch) than the above-named
distance. In the Chelonia Caretta the width of this part
is very much greater than the space above named.

I may observe that in the youngest skulls of the first
variety the condyles are narrowest, so that part of this dif-
ference may depend on the age of the skulls, which appear
to become broader and shorter as they become older.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

APPENDIX.

Page 3, add —

Mr. John Leconte proposes a new arrangement of the
Order into four great families. He observes : " I owe this
arrangement in a great degree to the suggestions of my
son."

Fam. I. Pedes penniformes. Sternum esse episternali
postice producto. 1. Chelonia. 2. Sphargis.

Fam. II. Pedes compressi, ungulati. Sternum scuto
singulo (abdominali) alato, alarum marginibus non inflexis.

A. Sternum osse episternali postice producto. l.Chelydra.

2. Stma-ofi/pus. 3. Trionyx. 4. Emyda.

B. Sternum plus minus uni- vel bivalve ; osse episternali

maximo entosternali obsolete (in pullis rudimentali)
alis a scuto abdomiuah solum projectis. 1. Kino-
sternon.

Fam. III. Pedes ungulati, plerumque compressi. Ster-
num scutis duobus alatis (pectorali abdominalique) alarum
marginibus, excepta Cistudinse fortiter inflexis scutis cau-
dalibus duobus distinctis.

a. Sternum scutis 11 s. 12 tectum. Ungulus 5*5, 4 • 5,
4 • 4 vel 4 ■ 3. 1 . Emys. 2. Platysternon. 3. Tele-
ojrits. 4. Lutremys. 5. Cistudo.

/3. Sternum scutis 13 tectum. 6. Chelys. 7 . Chelodina.
8. Sternofhcenis. 9. Pentonyx. 10. Plutemys. 11.
Podocnemis.

Fam. IV. Terrestres. Corpus scutatum. Sternum ala-
tum, scuto laterah osseo, alarum marginibus fortiter in-
flexis. Pedes clavati, ungulati. Scutum caudale uunquam
divisum vel stria superiore perpendiculari fortiter impressa
quam in partes duas secari videtur. 1 . Testudo. 2. Pyxis.
3. Homopus. 4. Kinixys. — Proc. Acad. Nat. Set. Pkilad.
vii. 1854.

1. Manouria fusca (p. 15), add —

Teleopus luxatus, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
vii. 187, Oct. 1854.

" Upper jaw with three rows of serrated teeth ; the
lower with two, the outer one the finest. Toes and claws
5 • 5 ; fore claws long and rather sharp ; hind feet clavate.

Claws nearly globular, the innermost one vride and flat, the
edge rather sharp.

" Inhabits Java ; and must from its shape be terrestrial
in its habits.

" It possesses a strange mixture of the characters of this
family with those of the next." — Leconte, I. c. 187.

Geoclemys Seba (p. 18).

Dr. Kelaart believes that Geoclemys Seba (p. 18) is the
young of Emys trijuga (p. 20), the difference in the form of
the shell and the spotting on the head depending on the
age of the specimens. I have never seen the young E. tri-
juga, the adult G. Seba, nor any specimens in an inter-
mediate state of growth. I may observe that the fore feet
of Emys trijuga show its affinity to the genus Geoclemys,
though the skull is that of an aquatic Emys.

16. Emys Holbrookii (p. 25), add —

a. Adult (in spirits). North America ; Mississippi. Mr.
Brandt's Collection.

The lower jaw rather flattened.

To doubtful North American Emydes (p. 28), add —

24*. Emys nigra.

Emys nigra, Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. vii.
96 (1854).

" Shell oblong ovate, slightly compressed at the sides and
emarginate, but not distinctly serrated posteriorly ; latero-
posterior margins of carapace everted ; nuchal plate narrow,
truncate anteriorly, broader posteriorly ; 24 marginal plates,
the two posterior more or less quadrilateral, the two adjoin-
ing pentagonal. Colour blackish above, the upper part of
the head and neck presenting numerous very small yellow
spots upon a black ground ; anterior extremities with a
tinge of yellow ; under jaw and throat yellow, with dark-
coloured markings ; plastron yellow in the middle, with
large blotches of black and dark brown at the sides and

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

anteriorly and posteriorly ; under surface of tail and ex-
tremities thickish ; tail of moderate length.
Hah. Lower California ; Possa Creek.

Length of carapace G^ inches." — HaUoweU.

M. Leconte observes : " In the English Catalogue (of
the British Museum) are described E. rivulata, E. scripta,
E. HolbrooJtii, E. macrocephala and E. Bennettii. Not
having these, and knowing that the descriptions must have
been taken from dried and faded specimens, or from such
as were bleached by long immersion in alcohol, I do not
hesitate to pronounce them as having no real existence as
distinct species, or at most as being slight variations from
others well known and long ago determined." — Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phihtd. vii. 190.

The figures in this work will show the evil of making
such general assertions without examining the specimens on
which the species are founded, and also that not one of
them was described from either faded or bleached specimens.

26. Emys geographica (p. 29), add —

h. Adult (in spirits). Head with symmetrical concentric
vellow lines ; frontal streak distinct ; temporal spot
triangular, distinct. Sliell olive, witli several rather
irregularly disposed irregular-shaped narrow pale rings,
united Ijy anastomosing pale lines on each siiield ; the
marginal plates with anastomosing angular narrow
lines ; back bluntly keeled, the keel becoming narrower
and more continued behind. Sternum yellow, with a
dark margin to the inner edge of the hinder shields,
and dark edges to the stcrno-costal symphysis and the
axillary and inguinal plates ; the under side of the
margin yellow, with a small oblong annulatcd spot on
the hinder outer angle of the shield, and a small arched
streak on the outer part of the front edge, com^ileting
the outline of the spot on the preceding shield, so as
to render the sjiot subsutural, thus showing a ]iassage to
the species of the preceding division. North America ;
Lake Champlain. Mr. Brandt's Collection.

" Clemmys reticulata, Bnm. ^- Bib."

This specimen agrees with Dr. Ilolbrook's figure oi Emys
(jeographica.

27. Emys pseudogeographica (p. 29), add —

d. Half-grown (in spirits). The markings on the dorsal
shield indistinct until the shields are removed. Ster-
num dark varied, and with broad dark margins to the
shields ; the lateral processes and the sterno-dorsal
symphysis witli dark-edged pale irregular streaks.
Head and throat with numerous narrow crowded black
streaks. North America ; Mississippi. Mr. Brandt's
Collection.

" Emys geographica. Fits."

30. Emys rugosa (p. 31), add —

e. Adult (in spirits). Head olive-dotted and vermiculated
with black, with a broad unspotted streak from the
back of the orbit over the temple ; throat blackish
streaked. Sliell olive above, bright red bencatli, with
a broad black edge to all the plates ; the costal plate
rugose ; the under side of tlie lateral marginal plates
with an indistinct squarish ring round tlie marginal
band, on the suture of two neighbouring shields ;
legs olive-green, bandless ; webs very large, scaly ;
claws elongate, subulate, nearly straight. " North
America ; Mississippi." Mr. Brandt's Collection.
(Dec. 1855.)

31. Emys scabra (p. 31).
The colouring of the head of this species slightly varies.
There are two living in the Zoological Gardens : —

1 . The spot before the eyes and the streaks on the back
of crown and nape broad and continuous.

2. Tlie spot in front of the eyes very narrow, linear and
transverse ; the streak on the crown and nape narrow, in-
terrupted in front so as to leave a spot in front of it, and
with a small pair of narrow diverging streaks behind the
others on the back of the neck. (Dec. 1855.)

2. Chrysemys BeUii (p. 33), add —

a. Adult (in spirits). Lateral angles of the vertebral plates

central ; back olive, speckled and vermiculated with
black lines, with a short subsymmetrical black-edged
pale line near the centre of each discal shield. Ster-
num black-varied. North America ; Mississippi. Mr.
Brandt's Collection.

"Emys marmorata, Wagler." — Brandt.

b. Adult (in spirits). Like former, but sternal mark more

indistinct. North America; Mississippi. Mr. Brandt's
Collection.

" Emys Oregonensis, Fit:" — Brandt.

3. Pseudemys serrata (p. 34).

Shell of live animal dark ; the costal shields divided in
half by a broad transverse red band, rest subannulated.
Under side bright red, as figured by Holbrook. Very active
and vicious. Zool. Gardens. (Dec. 1855.)

M. Leconte regards Emys serrata, Say, E. rubriventris,
Lecoate, E. irrigata, Dumeril, and E. rugosa, Shaw, as
synonyms of the same species, observing that it varies very
much, but the essential character is the dentation of the
jaws.

M. Leconte considers, certainlj' erroneously, Emys ornata
and E. annulifera as synonyma of E. hieroglyphica of
Holbrook.

CATALOGUE OF SHIELD REPTILES.

79

1. Cistudo Carolina (p. 39).

M. Leconte erroneously cousitlers the variety C. Blan-
dingii of Holbrook as synonymous with Lutretnys Melea-
gris, a European species. — Jouni. Acad. Philad. vii. 189.

M. Leconte, not having seen C. Mexicana, refers it as a
variety of C. Carolina with doubt.

14. KINOSTERNON (p. 43).

In the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia for 1854, vol. iii. no. 5. p. 183, there is a
paper by John Leconte, entitled " Descriptions of Four
Species of Kinosternon" read on the 31st October 1854.
The genus is divided into three groups, thus : —

I. Consisting of those with bivalve sterna ; the valves
joined to the abdominal piece by ligamentous hinges.

1. K. longicaudatmn, Spix, Bras. 17. t. 12.

2. K. scorpoides. Surinam.

3. K. Mexiconum. Testa ovali, valde convexa, fusco-lu-
tescente vel nigricante ; dorso fortiter tricarinato, margine
undique decHvi, scutis vertebralibus secundo, tertio et quarto
elongatis. Sterno utrinque rotundato, integerrimo ; cauda
unguiculata. Mexico.

4. K. integrum. Testa fusca, regulari, ovali, convexa,
carinata, declivi, margine postice dispanso, laterali perpen-'
diculari. Sterno magno, bivalvi, cistani omnino occludente,
antice rotundato, postice paulo emarginato ; cauda brevis-
sima, mutica. Mexico.

5. K. lexicostomum, Dumcril, Mus. Acad.

II. Anterior valve of sternum joined to the abdominal
portion by a ligament and partly by a suture, the posterior

by suture only ; wings tolerably long, with a deep divided
groove on the anterior part.

6. K. Pennsylvanicum. From Canada to Florida.

7. K. Sonoriense. Testa modice convexa, postice latiore,
antice et postice declivi, margine antice et postice dispanso,
medio declivi, dorso indistincte tricarinato, carina intermedia
vertebrali evidentiore ; alarum canali leviter exarata, prope
rudimentali ; cauda unguiculata. Tacson in Sonora. The
shell much less elevated than any other species.

III. Sternum narrow, subcruciform ; valves joined to the
abdominal portion of the chest by sutures, the lateral teeth
of which are so large as to admit of but little motion,
especially in the posterior one ; wings long and narrow,
without any groove on the inner part. Tail unarmed.

8. K. odorutum. From New York to Florida.

9. K. guttatum. Testa ovali, dorso subtricarinato, fla-
vida fusca maculata, margine undique postice valde declivi,
minims expanso. Sterno flavescente, angusto, antice trun-
cate, postice late emarginato, femoribus et cruribus seriebus
pai5illarum latere interiore echinatis ; cauda mutica. Penn-
sylvania.

As I have not seen the species here described as new, I
can give no opinion on their distinctness. A'. Pennsylva-
nicum, from the description of the young, is evidently the
species I have described under that name, but the other
descriptions do not appear to be intended for the new spe-
cies I have described ; at least the characters on wliich I
have founded the species are not observed.

K. guttatum, which is described as subcarinate, is evi-
dently not the Aromochelys cai-inatum of this work.

M. Leconte considers K. Doubledayii, from the descrip-
tion given, to he a distinct species.

LIST OF PLATES.

Tab. Page

I. Testudo Horsfieldii 7

II. Kinixys Belliana 13

III. Manouria fusca 16

IV. Emys trijuga 20

V. Geoclemys Reevesii (Emys Reevesii on Plate) 18

VI. Emys nigricans 20

VII. Emys sinensis 21

VIII. Emys Bealii 21

IX. Emys laticeps 23

X. Emys Bennettii 22

XI. Emys rivulata 27

XII. Emys ornata 24

XII. A. Emys venusta 24

XII. B. Emys callirostris 25

XII. C. Emys olivacea 30

XIII. Emys rugosa, var. 3. (Emys venniculata) 31

XIV. Emys ventricosa 28

XIV. A. Emys dorsalis 32

XV. Fig. 1. Emys Holbrookii, jmi. (E. sanguinolenta) 25

Fig. 2. Emys nigricans, jun. (E. mutica) 21

XVI. Batagur Baska 35

XVII. Batagur lineata (Emys lineata) 35

XVIII. Batagur Dhongoka 36

XIXv Cyclemys dentata 42

XX. Kinosternon Doubledayii 45

XX. A. Aromochelys carinatum 47

XX. B. Stavirotypus triporcatus 47

XX. C. Fig. 1. Kinosternon Pennsylvanicum, jun 45

Fig. 2. Kinosternon Hippocrepis, jun 46

Fig. 3. Kinosternon pmictatmn, jun 45

XXI. Dermatemys Mawii 49

XXII. Sternothaerus Derbianus 52

XXIII. Hydraspis raniceps 55

LIST OF PLATES.

Tab. Page

XXIV. Chelodina oblonga 58

XXV. Fig. 1 . Emys pulcherrima 25

Fig. 2. Chelodina sulcifera 59

XXVI. Hydromedusa depressa 60

XXVII. Podocnemis expansa 61

XXVIII. Podocnemis Dumeriliana 62

XXIX. Cyclanosteus Petersii 64

XXIX. A. Emyda Ceylonensis 64

XXX. Trionyx Rafeht 65

XXXI. Trionyx perocellatus 65

XXXII. Trionyx cariniferus 67

XXXIII. Dogania subplana 69

OSTEOLOGY.

XXXIV. Testudo plauiceps 6

XXXV. Fig. 1. Testudo ludica, jun 6

Fig. 2. Testudo tabulata 5

Fig. 3. Emys ? (undetermined)

XXXVI. Fig. 1. Batagur Dhongoka 36

Fig. 2. Emys decussata. 30

XXXVII. Fig. 1. Podocnemis expansa 61

Fig. 2. Emys trijuga (E. subtrijuga) 20

XXXVIII. Fig. 1. Chelydra serpentina 48

Fig. 2. Macroclemys Temminckii 49

XXXIX. Macroclemys Temminckii 49

XL. Fig. 1. Macroclemys Temminckii 49

Fig. 2. Chelydra serpentina 48

XLI. Chitra Indica 70

XLII. Fig. 1 . Trionyx Gangeticus 66

Fig. 2. TrionjTC Niloticus 68

TiIdI

JardATieat.Liflio^FlieTa F4, rlstiar. '^^ardmi.

TESTUDO HORSFIELDIl

TaloH.

GHPora.hLhiJn

Rard Jr Wert Lulio^phers.Si.Haitim Gaidm

KINYJfIS BELLI ANA

-ESTUDINID.^

-^M. ?^

f0

O-H Fnra

F<reit.Gea?ge,L!l}io|r6.ph«-. HitinalJsrd.p

MANOURIA FUSCA,

Ta"biy.

GHPoril-TaL 3LdB^

PesiiWes^, Llthcjiajiiers 5^ .naUxa Oxi^eai.

EMYS TRIJUGA.

EMYDID.-S

«^P^E2???a«SB?--='

V*-

5;^aS^»<(»»-«W-"--". - -" JI%7-^^^«,

EMYS REF.VESII

G a F-itd liili aa D^:

a IVfest-.bf) U»tOB l^iT^

EMYS NIGRACANS.

Ta'bVII

r/-..7

■■■-■"'^^sra^sfe^-.-^^

.•^S^jflj^

GHSacA.'hAi'^'

FordA Wee. lay 5't,Hja'*;o '.^nrdrn

EMYS SINENSIS

^ -'-'"'%^S^--■

TaLlD.YUL

rn

-•S^e -TX

.rf^e*. K^^ <-s«f^**>*-^''''^^'*«^CSSSi.',

/

'Vfii '/^

EMYS BEALIl

IvXk&.'Weat.I jtlio^r*.ptigr3.^^,Ha.ttiB. C<u6aD

TaL IX

C,H,Poiii>0) »di»t

EMYS LATICEPS, -ns (GamVia)

F(iiJ.)fc'ffnrt,Imii 5*,H»tU*irAro(Bi

EIv'IYDIDtE

^^'-,

'=>=^^_'

jH Fori

EMYS BENNETTII

•'^"^'^3ir)^i.,

Fod &. Getnge, LitKogta-jkeis JlatCm Uaiderv

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